埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂对牦牛皮蝇幼虫驱除效果试验

应用埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂驱除牦牛皮蝇幼虫,并设埃普利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组和阳性对照组。结果：剖检埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂300μg/kg,400μg/kg,500μg/kg剂量组牦牛与药物对照埃普利诺菌素注射剂组及伊维菌素浇泼剂组牦牛,均未检出皮蝇1期幼虫,而阳性对照组牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫感染率35.0%,平均感染强度29.4（9～53）条。翌年3、5月份两次触摸检查牛背部皮下瘤疤和皮肤虫孔,4个药物试验组牦牛均未检出,而阳性对照组牦牛两次检查平均感染率45.16%,平均感染强度6.45个。试验证明埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂低、中、高3个剂量对寄生于牦牛的皮蝇幼虫驱净率、驱虫率均达100.0%,高效安全。     

牦牛皮蝇蛆病低残留防治技术研究

应用埃普利诺菌素注射剂采用常规与微量给药技术,进行对牦牛皮蝇蛆病的防治试验,10月下旬给药,翌年3、5月份两次触摸检查牛背部皮下瘤疱和皮肤虫孔,并设阳性对照组,评价两种给药技术对牦牛皮蝇蛆病的防治效果。结果:两次检查阳性对照组平均感染率为39.15%,平均感染强度6.75(1~17)个;埃普利诺菌素注射剂常规剂量100、200、300μg/kg试验组牦牛两次检查平均治愈率和驱虫率均达100.0%;埃普利诺菌素注射剂微量10、20、30μg/kg防治组平均治愈率分别为86.3%、94.2%和100.0%,驱虫率分别为79.7%、93.2和100.0%。使用安全。给泌乳牦牛皮下注射埃普利诺菌素注射液0.2mg/kg后54.00h,牛奶中的埃普利诺菌素浓度达到峰值7.38±2.61ng/m L,低于美国(12 ng/m L)和欧盟(20ng/m L)规定的埃普利诺菌素在牛奶中的最高残留限量标准,不需休药期;皮下注射0.4mg/kg后56.00±26.31h,牛奶中的皮下注射浓度达到峰值6.98±2.98ng/m L,低于欧盟规定(20ng/m L),不需休药期,高于美国规定(12ng/m L),需休药期。适合当前家畜健康养殖中对牦牛寄生虫病防治的需要。     

高效液相色谱法测定埃普利诺菌素注射液的含量

本文描述了用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定埃普利诺菌素注射液含量的方法研究。色谱条件:流动相为甲醇∶水(90∶10),流速1.0mL/min,进样量50μL,柱温为室温,检测波长245nm。样品回收率为(98.72±0.28)%。在5～200μg/mL浓度范围内,检测样品的中间精密度:批内变异系数为0.54%～0.80%,批间变异系数为0.28%～1.06%。本方法可用于埃普利诺菌素注射液的含量检测。     

埃普利诺菌素注射剂对牦牛皮蝇幼虫的驱杀效果试验

埃普利诺菌素是一种新型的阿佛曼菌素类药物,其驱虫机理与伊维菌素相同,已有的试验证明埃普利诺菌素对牛、羊等家畜的线虫和节肢动物有极佳驱杀效果,但对牦牛皮蝇幼虫的驱除试验尚未见报道。我们于2005年9月至2006年6月通过应用不同剂量埃普利诺菌素对牦牛皮蝇幼虫的驱杀效果观     

牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术研究(上)

本研究评价了埃普利诺菌素注射剂、浇泼剂对牦牛主要寄生虫病的驱虫疗效,为建立牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术提供依据。选用自然感染线虫、牛颚虱和皮蝇蛆的牦牛,采用粪检法和剖检法进行驱虫疗效试验。结果:埃普利诺菌素注射剂0. 1,0. 2,0. 3mg/kg剂量组消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为85. 0%,95. 0%和100. 0%,减少率分别为91. 9%,98. 4%和100. 0%。0. 2,0. 3mg/kg剂量组对牦牛网尾线虫L1转阴率和减少率均达100. 0%。0. 1mg/kg剂量组L1转阴率和减少率分别为90. 0%和95. 2%。0. 2,0. 3mg/kg剂量组原圆线虫L1转阴率分别为93. 3%,100. 0%,减少率分别为98. 3%,100. 0%。0. 1mg/kg剂量组L1转阴率和减少率分别为80. 0%,88. 5%。3个试验组对线虫成虫的总计驱虫率分别为90. 5%,97. 2%和99. 5%。埃普利诺菌素注射剂0. 3mg/kg剂量组给药后3d牛颚虱大部分死亡干瘪,第7d全部死亡干瘪,驱虫率均达100. 0%。0. 1mg/kg剂量组低剂量组的杀虫效果次于上述剂量。0. 2mg/kg剂量组与IVM注射剂0. 2mg/kg体重剂量组驱虫效果无显著差异。3个剂量组对牦牛皮蝇蛆的驱净率、驱虫率均达100. 0%;埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂0. 4mg/kg剂量组对牦牛消化道线虫的虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为95. 0%和96. 4%～98. 3%。对牛颚虱和皮蝇蛆的驱杀效率均为100%。0. 5mg/kg剂量组对牦牛消化道线虫的虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100. 0%,对牛颚虱和皮蝇蛆的杀虫效果均达100%,对牛颚虱与牦牛体内消化道线虫持效期至少为28d。研究结果表明,埃普利诺菌素注射剂、浇泼剂对牦牛线虫病、牛颚虱与牛皮蝇蛆病等主要寄生虫病的驱虫疗效高,有很好的控制效果。     

埃普利诺菌素纳米乳的制备与表征

采用伪三元相图法制备埃普利诺菌素纳米乳并考察其微观形态及粒径分布。结果显示:由EL-35,乙酸乙酯、1,2-丙二醇为主要组分制备的埃普利诺菌素纳米乳澄清透明,透射电镜下液滴均呈球形。经激光粒度分析仪检测,其平均粒径为18.85nm,多分散系数(PDI)为0.1,其分散度良好。该纳米乳以15 000r/min速度离心30min和留样2,4,6个月后,外观基本无变化。结果表明,所制备埃普利诺菌素纳米乳符合纳米乳的性质和特征。     

埃谱利诺菌素注射剂对绵羊体内外寄生虫的驱杀效果试验

埃普利诺菌素(eprinomectin,EPR)是一种新型的阿维菌素类药物,EPR的抗虫活力及抗虫谱与其他阿维菌素类药物相似,对家畜的绝大多数线虫和螨、虱、蜱、蝇等节肢动物均有很强的杀灭作用,其显著之处为用于奶牛和肉牛时无需休药期。     

不同剂量埃普利诺菌素注射液在牛奶中的残留消除试验

本试验通过给奶牛1次皮下注射两种剂量(0.2mg/kg,0.4 mg/kg)的埃普利诺菌素(EPR)注射液后,在不同的时间点采集牛奶样品,加入多拉菌素(DOR)作为内标物,运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定其中的EPR含量,获得不同剂量的EPR注射液在牛奶中的残留消除规律,以指导和规范实际生产中的合理用药.     

牛肝中阿维菌素类药物残留的高效液相色谱荧光检测方法的研究

采用高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测,建立了固相萃取分析牛组织中埃普利诺菌素、阿维菌素、多拉菌素和伊维菌素残留的方法.样品用乙腈提取,碱性氧化铝和C18SPE柱净化,用乙酸酐和1-甲基咪唑的乙腈溶液作衍生化试剂,在96℃条件下,完全衍生化需要100min.4种药物的平均回收率为70.02%～88.75%,日内变异系数小于8.52%,日间变异系数小于7.13%.埃普利诺菌素、阿维菌素、多拉菌素和伊维菌素的检出限为0.4～0.5μg/kg,定量限为2ug/kg.该方法可靠、灵敏,可用于常规残留分析.     

放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术试验示范

为评价埃谱利诺菌素注射剂的驱虫药效与对放牧绵羊线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范应用效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的绵羊150只,设埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.1,0.2和0.3 mg/kg体重剂量组和埃谱利诺菌素原料药对照组,进行驱虫效果评价,按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益。结果:药效试验中埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg剂量对绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为96.7%和99.3%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和97.5%;0.3 mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0%;0.1mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为83.3%和90.4%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为76.7%和88.9%。在冬季应用埃谱利诺菌素注射剂按0.2 mg/kg体重剂量对放牧绵羊进行规模防治技术示范,防治示范群绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为96.7%和97.7%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为93.3%和97.6%。同期检查未防治对照组绵羊虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加。埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg剂量试验组给药后第1d绵羊体表的绵羊颚虱、足颚虱、羊蜱蝇活力旺盛;第3d绵羊颚虱、足颚虱大部分死亡干瘪,部分虫体移行到被毛表面,处于麻痹状态,活力较差;第7d检查对足颚虱的杀虫率达100%;绵羊颚虱全部死亡干瘪,杀虫率达100%;对羊蜱蝇的转阴率为83.3%。0.1mg/kg剂量,第3、7d检查杀灭效果次于上述剂量。未防治的对照组绵羊上述外寄生虫活力旺盛,感染情况与给药前无明显变化。同期检查技术示范群比未示范群每只成年羊平均少减重5.96kg、幼年羊成活率平均提高2.35个百分点。结果表明该防治技术对放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效安全,效益显著。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。