遗传工程疫苗对仔猪黄白痢免疫效果试验

我地区栏存母猪21万多头，年产仔猪300万头以上．但仔猪黄白饲的发病率在50％以上，严重影响养猪的经济效益一为了探索一种能从母体获得免疫力的方法，于1997年11月至1998年3月安排了遗传工程疫苗对仔猪黄白痢免疫效果的试验观察，并相应作了药物治疗试验，现将结果报告如下：1材料与方法1．1试验用疫苗K88－CTB双价基因工程活疫苗，为江西民星集团生物药厂生产．K88K99双价基因工程灭活疫苗，为上海联盈公司生产．1．2试验用疫苗稀释K88－CTB疫苗用生理盐水稀释，K88K99用配带的20％氢氧化铝生理盐水稀释．1．3试验用猪选用双峰县青树…     

仔猪大肠杆菌K88—ST1—LTB三阶基因工程灭活疫苗的应用实验

对妊娠14－16周母猪颈部肌肉注射仔猪大肠杆菌K88－ST1－LTB三价基因工程灭活疫苗（以下简称三价灭活苗）的结果表明：三价灭活苗可以大大降低仔猪大肠杆菌的发病率和死亡率，差异极显著（P＜0．01）；对仔猪生长安全、无副作用；三价灭活苗的使用效果明显优于仔猪大肠杆菌K88－K99双价基因工程灭活疫苗（以下简称双价灭活苗）；疫苗现场应用免疫保护率明显高于双价灭活苗，差异极显著（P＜0．01）。     

新生猪腹泻大肠杆菌K88K99双价基因工程疫苗

中国农科院哈尔滨兽医研究所的科研人员利用现代基因工程技术手段,人工构建出非产肠毒素性且具有K88 K99两种保护性抗原的大肠杆菌菌株,通过接种于适宜培养基发酵高密度培养,成功试制出了新生猪腹泻大肠杆菌K88 K99双价基因工程疫苗。该疫苗于1990年荣获中国农科院科技进步一等     

K88,K99,987P基因工程三价苗的应用效果观察

仔猪黄痢是严重危害新生仔猪的疾病之一。经调查，本市该病的发病率在30％左右，目前虽然可用多种抗菌药物进行治疗，终因新生仔猪日龄小、体质弱而效果不佳。近年来，我们应用K88、K99、987P基因工程三价苗对怀孕母猪作产前兔疫注射，取得了明显的预防效果。1材料与方法1．1疫苗K88K99、987P基因工程三份苗，由上海市畜牧兽医研究所研制并提供，批号：9511。1．2分组1．2．1选择522头怀孕母猪注射基因工程三价苗，另选50头怀孕母猪不注射疫苗作为对照。1．2.2选前胎仔猪有黄痢病史的怀孕母猪42头，用基因工程三价苗免疫，另选前股仔猪有…     

仔猪黄白痢的综合防治措施

1预防措施 1．1免疫接种 按程序对母猪进行免疫接种，以提高其初乳中特异性母源抗体的水平，从而使仔猪获得被动免疫力．可用大肠杆菌K88、K99双价基因工程菌苗和大肠杆菌苗K88、K99、987P三价灭活菌苗等对临产前母猪按说明书进行免疫。     

仔猪大肠杆菌K88-ST1-LTB三价基因工程灭活疫苗的应用实验

对妊娠14~16周母猪颈部肌肉注射仔猪大肠杆菌K88-ST1-LTB三价基因工程灭活疫苗(以下简称三价灭活苗)的结果表明:三价灭活苗可以大大降低仔猪大肠杆菌的发病率和死亡率,差异极显著(P<0.01);对仔猪生长安全、无副作用;三价灭活苗的使用效果明显优于仔猪大肠杆菌K88-K99双价基因工程灭活疫苗(以下简称双价灭活苗); 疫苗现场应用免疫保护率明显高于双价灭活苗,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

对仔猪黄白痢的控制措施

(一)预防措施 1.免疫接种:在产前3周给母猪注射大肠杆菌K88-LTB双价基因工程菌苗或K88、K99、987LTB多价基因工程苗等.第1胎的母猪以及疫情严重或迟发性白痢发病较多猪场的母猪建议在预产前1周再免疫注射1次,有很好的免疫效果.     

产肠毒素性大肠杆菌K88与K99菌毛蛋白的串联表达

根据GenBank中发表的E.coli K88、K99基因序列,分别设计合成1对引物.利用PCR技术,以大肠杆菌C83907和C83644的质粒为模板分别扩增不含信号肽的K88及K99基因.通过分离、纯化、限制性核酸内切酶酶切,连接和转化,构建了含K88-K99串联表达载体的重组菌株BL21(DE3)(pETK88CK99).结果显示,经酶切,PCR鉴定和DNA序列分析,证实了构建的重组质粒pETK88CK99中含有K88K99融合基因,且基因序列和阅读框架均正确.经过SDS-PAGE分析,串联表达蛋白含量占菌体蛋白的40%左右,经Western blotting检测,该串联表达蛋白能被大肠杆菌K88、K99标准血清识别.结果表明,构建的重组菌株可以作为预防新生仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻基因工程疫苗的候选菌株.     

仔猪黄痢和白痢防制研究现状

仔猪黄、白痢是由产肠毒素性大肠杆菌(ETEC)引起的临床常见的传染病,给养猪业可造成极大危害和经济损失。本病的预防可采用多种疫苗,如:大肠杆菌K88ac-LTB双价基因工程菌苗、新生仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌K88、K99双价基因工程菌苗、K88、K99、987P、F4的单价或多价苗以及多价铝胶苗等。由于病原血清型复杂应选用与本场血清型一致的大肠杆菌菌苗。还可采用微生态制剂及改善环境卫生、饲养管理条件等。本病的治疗主要采用抗生素,如:庆大霉素、卡那霉素、氯霉素、新霉素、先锋霉素、链霉素、痢特灵、复方新诺明、呋喃妥因等,但要注意耐药性的产生。中药和针灸对治疗该病也有较好的效果,常用的药物有:蒲公英、诃子、鱼腥草、白头翁、黄芪、黄柏、秦皮、白术、茯苓、五倍子、甘草、连翘、瞿麦、生大蒜等。     

幼畜腹泻基因疫苗菌

羔羊、犊牛腹泻症与仔猪黄痢病为目前中外养殖业中重要病害之一,其死亡率可占30％左右。中国农科院分子生物学研究室,通过分离、纯化带有K88~ 、K99~ 基因的大质粒去氧核糖核酸,进行酶切,基因定位后,植入受体进行多种组合的克隆,构成可以防治幼畜腹泻的K88~ 、K99~ 双价基因工程疫苗菌,无肠毒素基因,能制成活菌苗,安     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.