单次肌注亚硒酸钠在仔猪体内的药代动力学

按 0 .2 m g/ kg单剂量对健康仔猪肌注亚硒酸钠溶液后 ,研究了其在血液中的药物代谢动力学。结果表明 :血液动力学特征符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,其理论方程为 :C=0 .1773e- 0 .0 548t+0 .0 72 7e- 0 .0 0 2 6 t- 0 .2 5 0 0 e- 1 3.882 3t。主要动力学参数为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 /2 Ka)为 0 .0 4 99h;达峰时间 (tmax)为 0 .4 2 37h;消除半衰期 (t1 /2β)为 2 71.9311h;曲线下面积 (AU C)为 31.72 6 0 m g/ L·h;表观分布容积 (Vd)为 2 .4 72 1L/ kg。根据单剂量药动学参数 ,计算多剂量给药参数 ,为临床治疗制定给药方案。先导剂量 (D* )为 0 .5 0 89m g/ kg,维持剂量 (D0 )为 0 .2 mg/ kg,给药间隔 (τ)为 192 h,平均稳态血药浓度 (c)为 0 .16 5 2 mg/ L。     

健康仔猪口服亚硒酸钠后血液中药代动力学的研究

本实验按 0 .6 mg/ kg BW单剂量对健康仔猪口服亚硒酸钠溶液后 ,首次系统地研究了其在血液中药物代谢动力学。实验结果表明 :血液动力学特征符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,其理论方程为 :C=0 .0 82 0 e- 0 .0 4 2 1 t 0 .10 5 0 e- 0 .0 0 1 4t- 0 .1870 e- 2 .2 541 t。主要动力学参数为 :吸收半衰期 (t1 / 2 Ka)为 0 .30 75 h;达峰时间 (tmax)为 2 .15 17h;消除半衰期 (t1 / 2β)为 5 10 .2 70 6 h;曲线下面积 (AU C)为 75 .14 6 0 mg/ L· h;表观分布容积 (Vd)为 5 .5 74 2 L/ kg。根据单剂量药动学参数 ,计算多剂量给药参数 ,为临床治疗制订给药方案。先导剂量 (D* )为 1.2 2 6 2 mg/ kg BW,维持剂量(D0 )为 0 .6 m g/ kg BW,给药间隔 (τ)为 4 80 h,平均稳态血药浓度 (с)为 0 .15 6 6 μg/ m l     

单诺沙星在蛋雏鸡体内的药物动力学及生物利用度的研究

选用 4～ 5周龄健康蛋雏鸡 12 5只 ,按 5 mg/kg的剂量进行静脉注射和内服单诺沙星的药动学研究及生物利用研究。高效液相色谱内标法测定血浆中药物浓度 ,MCPKP药动学程序处理药时数据。静脉注射和内服给药后血药浓度—时间数据分别符合无吸收因素二室开放式模型和一级吸收一室开放式模型。静脉注射给药的主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2α=0 .3313h、t1 /2β= 5 .994 0 h、Vd=7.5 2 4 6 L/kg、AU C=5 .6 916 μg/m l· h、CLB=0 .8935 L/kg· h。内服给药后主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2 Ka=0 .30 2 9h、t1 /2 K=6 .5 12 8h、tmax=1.2 10 0 h、Cmax=0 .5 15 9μg/m l、AU C=5 .132 9μg/ml· h。生物利用度为 90 .18%。     

恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药动学及生物利用度

本文比较了恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液在猪体内的药动学特征和生物利用度。选用 7头健康猪按拉丁方设计进行静注、肌注恩诺沙星溶液和肌注恩诺沙星混悬液在猪体内的药物动力学研究。 3种给药方法的剂量均为 10mg/kg。猪静注给药的药时数据符合二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1/ 2α0 6 4± 0 15h ,t1/ 2 β9 0 6± 2 47h ,Vd(area) 4 40± 0 88L/kg ,ClB0 35± 0 0 6L·kg-1·h-1,AUC2 9 85± 4 11L·kg-1·h。猪肌注恩诺沙星溶液和恩诺沙星混悬液的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型 ,其主要药动学参数分别为t1/ 2ka0 2 4± 0 10h和 1 2 5± 1 0 9h(P <0 0 5 ) ;t1/ 2ke8 90± 2 0 2h和 18 95± 4 5 5h(P <0 0 1) ;Tmax1 2 5± 0 41h和 5 14± 2 95h(P <0 0 1) ;Cmax1 5 4± 0 2 5 μg/ml和 0 87± 0 2 1μg/ml;AUC2 1 49± 4 94mg·L-1·h和 2 8 97± 10 80mg·L-1·h ;F72 0 %±17 4%和 97 7%± 35 0 %。比较肌注恩诺沙星混悬液和恩诺沙星溶液的主要药动学参数 ,二者有显著差异 ,前者的t1/ 2ka、Tmax、t1/ 2ke和Cmax分别为后者的 5 2、4 1、2 1和 0 6倍。这些差异说明恩诺沙星混悬液肌注后吸收缓慢 ,消除半衰期延长 ,临床应用 48h给药 1次仍能维持对常见病原菌的有效血药     

三氧化二砷在雏鸡体内的药代动力学研究

应用新银盐法研究三氧化二砷在雏鸡体内的药物代谢动力学特征。数据经MCPKP药代动力学软件分析得出:腹腔注射三氧化二砷的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,动力学方程为:C=1.62916 e-0.22733t+0.15327 e-0.02024t-1.78243 e-1.36943t,其主要药代动力学参数:AUC0.13459 mg.L-1.h、Cmax 1.08215 mg.L-1、Tpeak 1.64099 h、T1/2Ka0.50605 h、T1/2α3.04841 h、T1/2β34.23920 h、Ka 1.36943 h、K120.09436 h、K210.04101 h、Kel0.11220 h。     

儿茶素在家兔体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

选健康家兔 ,单剂量静注和灌服儿茶素 (Catechin) 2 5 mg/ kg,用高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度 ,3P87计算机程序处理所得血药浓度—时间数据。结果健康家兔静注给药的药时数据符合无吸收二室开放模型 ,主要动力学参数为 :t1 /2α(0 .15± 0 .0 1) h,t1 /2β(0 .5 8± 0 .0 2 ) h,Vc (1.4 1± 0 .0 8) l,Vβ(2 .97± 0 .11) l,Cl B(3.5 3±0 .10 ) l/ h,AU C(16 .95± 1.5 2 ) mg/ (l· h) ,K1 0 (2 .5 2± 0 .2 0 ) h- 1 ,K2 1 (2 .2 5± 0 .15 ) h- 1 ,K1 2 (1.17± 0 .15 )h- 1 。健康家兔灌服儿茶素的药时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型 ,主要药物动力学参数为 :t1 /2 ka(0 .39± 0 .0 6 )h,t1 /2 ke(0 .79± 0 .11) h,tmax(0 .78± 0 .11) h,Cmax(3.35± 0 .16 ) mg/ l,AU C (7.4 5± 0 .94 ) m g/ (l· h) ,F (6 4±7.0 0 ) %。儿茶素在健康家兔体内的药动学特征是 :吸收迅速 ,达峰时间短 ,消除快 ,半衰期短 ,表观分布容积较大 ,口服摄入吸收不完全     

亚硒酸钠在低硒雏鸭体内的血液动力学研究

选用健康雏鸭作试验动物,通过人工复制硒缺乏模型,研究亚硒酸钠在雏鸭体内的药物代谢动力学。结果表明:亚硒酸钠在低硒雏鸭血液中的代谢动力学过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其动力学方程为:C=-0.0439e-2.6925t+0.1085e-0.0053t-0.0646e-0.1174t。其主要动力学参数为:吸收半衰期(T12Ka)为5.9026h,达峰时间(Tmax)为23.03h,消除半衰期(T12β)为131.13h,曲线下面积(AUC)为19.93mgL·h,表观分布容积(Vd)为7.60389Lkg。根据单剂量给药参数计算多剂量给药参数,为临床制定给药方案,首次先导剂量(D)为1.7046mgkg·BW,维持剂量(D0)为0.8mgkg·BW,给药间隔为120h,血药平均稳态浓度(C)为0.1664μgmL。这一结果为临床科学合理地用药预防雏鸭缺硒病提供了试验依据。     

长效恩诺沙星注射液体外释药实验及在山羊体内的药动学研究

本文比较了恩诺沙星注射剂和长效恩诺沙星注射液体外释药动力学和在山羊体内的药动学特征。采用紫外分光光度法测定了体外释放率;选用8头健康山羊进行肌注长效恩诺沙星注射液和恩诺沙星注射液的药物动力学研究,以反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中恩诺沙星的浓度。恩诺沙星普通注射液1h体外累计释药百分率达83 22%,而长效恩诺沙星注射液10h释药仅80 56%。肌注长效恩诺沙星注射液和恩诺沙星注射液的药时数据符合一级吸收一室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:T1/2Ka1 76±0 12hand0 34±0 04h(P<0 01);T2/1Ke7 50±0 39hand1 15±0 10h(P<0 01);Tmax4 81±0 26hand0 85±0 09h(P<0 01)。两者的体外释药率和药代动力学参数有显著差异,前者的吸收半衰期、达峰时间及消除半衰期分别为后者的5 2、5 7和6 5倍。说明恩诺沙星注射液肌注后吸收缓慢、消除半衰期延长,具有缓释特征,能起到长效的作用。     

麻保沙星(marbofloxacin)在猪体内的药物动力学

选用 18头健康的杜洛克×大白×长白三元杂交断奶仔猪 (公母兼有 ,体质量在 2 0～ 2 3kg)杂交猪 ,随机分为 3组 ,每组 6头 ,按每千克体质量 2 .5 mg的剂量进行了静注、肌注及内服麻保沙星 (m arbofloxacin)的药动学研究。三氯甲烷萃取血浆中的药物 ,用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物的浓度 ,MCPKP药代动力学程序处理血药浓度 -时间数据。静注给药的药时数据符合三室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2π(0 .13± 0 .0 1) h;t1 /2α(5 .4 1± 0 .4 3) h;t1 /2β(16 .2 2± 1.6 0 ) h;AUC(2 4 .89± 1.5 1) mg· L- 1· h;V1 (0 .77± 0 .0 6 ) L· kg- 1 ;Vd( area) (2 .6 1± 0 .37) L· kg- 1 ;Vd( ss)(1.6 9± 0 .19) L· kg- 1 ;Cl B(0 .10± 0 .0 1) L· kg- 1·h。肌注给药的血浆药时数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2 Ka(0 .2 7± 0 .16 ) h;t1 /2α(2 .87± 0 .90 ) h;t1 /2β(17.39± 1.6 2 ) h;tmax(0 .91± 0 .32 ) h;Cmax(1.96± 0 .2 4 ) mg· L- 1 ;AU C(2 6 .85± 3.5 1) mg· L- 1 · h;F(10 7.86± 14 .10 ) %。内服给药的血浆药时数据符合一级吸收二室开放模型 ,主要药动学参数为 :t1 /2 Ka(1.16± 0 .19) h;t1 /2α(4.94± 0 .5 3) h;t1 /2β(2 2 .98± 2 .0     

诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药代动力学

按 10 m g/ kg的剂量给鲤鱼肌注、口服诺氟沙星 ,用高效液相色谱法检测用药后不同时间血浆中药物的质量浓度 ,然后用 90 0 0 3P87实用药代动力学软件处理药时数据。结果 ,肌注和口服诺氟沙星在鲤鱼体内的药时数据均符合开放性二室模型。主要药代动力学参数 ,肌注 :t1/2α( 0 .12 79± 0 .0 130 ) h,t1/2β( 3.4 0 32±0 .5873) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .0 0 6 7± 0 .0 0 0 8) h,AU C ( 2 4 .94 81± 6 .314 6 )μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .4 0 0 8± 0 .10 35)mg/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .0 32 2± 0 .0 0 35) h,Cmax( 16 .8992± 4 .372 6 ) mg/ L;口服 :t1/2α( 3.4 0 71± 1.0 6 98) h,t1/2β( 77.12 39± 2 1.3875) h,t1/2 ka( 0 .14 91± 0 .0 130 ) h,K2 1( 0 .0 4 19± 0 .0 0 38) h- 1,K10 ( 0 .0 4 36±0 .0 0 2 1) h- 1,K12 ( 0 .12 70± 0 .0 30 1) h- 1,AU C ( 150 .6 0 2 9± 35.4 2 78)μg/ ( m L· h) ,CLS( 0 .0 6 6 4±0 .0 0 2 1) m g/ ( kg· h) ,Tpeak( 0 .730 0± 0 .0 10 2 ) h,Cmax( 5.7998± 1.36 75) m g/ L。肌注与内服的主要药代动力学参数差异显著 ( P <0 .0 1)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.