多效唑对高羊茅草坪草生长特性的影响

采用了不同浓度的多效唑(0．8、1．0、1．3mg／g)对高羊茅草坪进行叶面喷施，以研究多效唑对高羊茅生长特性的影响。结果表明：3种不同浓度的多效唑处理均表现出显著抑制高羊茅草坪草地上部分的伸长生长的效果，1．3mg／g的多效唑处理使高羊茅生长速度和修剪量明显降低，1．0mg／g的多效唑使高羊茅草坪草的密度显著增加，明显促进高羊茅的分蘖，却使高羊茅叶绿素含量明显降低。     

多效唑在高羊茅草坪中的应用

在高羊茅Festuca arundinacea生长的旺盛季节,分别进行不同浓度的多效唑处理,研究多效唑对高羊茅生长的影响。试验结果表明:多效唑能使高羊茅叶绿素含量明显增加,节间显著缩短,茎增粗;高羊茅的株高随多效唑浓度的增加而降低;叶片大小也随多效唑浓度的增加而减小;多效唑处理高羊茅具有显著的抑制生长和改善绿化景观效果的作用。处理浓度以600~800 mg/kg为宜。     

矮壮素对高羊茅生长特性影响的研究

试验采用0.8,1.0,1.2 mg/g 3种浓度的矮壮素(CCC)对草坪草高羊茅Festuca arundinacea进行处理,结果表明:3种浓度的矮壮素对高羊茅生长均产生不同程度的影响,其中 0.8 mg/g矮壮素处理使高羊茅株高、修剪量明显降低.综合考虑药效及成本,建议在实际生产中应用0.8 mg/g的矮壮素浓度.     

多效唑对盐胁迫下高羊茅耐盐性的影响

应用盆栽控盐的方法,研究施用不同浓度(200 mg/L、400 mg/L、600 mg/L)的多效唑对盐处理(0. 8%NaCl)高羊茅草坪草耐盐性的影响.结果表明,高羊茅在盐胁迫下表现出根长降低、生物量减少、相对含水量减少、丙二醛舍量增加等一系列变化.施用不同浓度多效唑后,能增加高羊茅生物量,提高根长,促进叶片可溶性糖的积累,保持更高的叶片相对舍水量,减少丙二醛的生成,从而在一定程度上缓解了高羊茅的盐害.400 mg/L多效唑对增加高羊茅耐盐性的效果最理想.     

三种生长调节剂对高羊茅生长特性及赤霉素含量的影响

通过盆栽方法测定植物生长调节剂对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)草坪草株高、叶宽、叶绿素含量及赤霉素含量的影响.施用多效唑、矮必施和乙烯利3种生长调节剂,各设3个浓度梯度,分别为多效唑150 mg/L、200 mg/L、250 mg/L,乙烯利1000 mg/L1、200 mg/L、1400 mg/L,矮必施200 mg/L2、50 mg/L3、00 mg/L.结果表明:施用多效唑、矮必施和乙烯利降低了草坪高度,其中以250 mg/L多效唑、1200 mg/L乙烯利和300 mg/L矮必施效果最好;3种植物生长调节剂均能对高羊茅叶片的宽度产生影响,多效唑和矮必施促使叶片变窄,而乙烯利初期使叶片变宽,后期变宽效果消失;多效唑和乙烯利都不会对高羊茅草坪的颜色产生影响,矮必施在施药后前2个星期使叶色变深,第3星期后影响逐渐消失;多效唑、乙烯利和矮必施均能促使高羊茅体内赤霉素的含量降低,降低幅度达到30.6%~64.0%.综合考虑,高羊茅草坪施用250 mg/L浓度的多效唑时效果最好.     

多效唑对盐胁迫下高羊茅耐盐性的影响

应用盆栽控盐的方法,研究施用不同浓度(200mg/L、400mg/L、600mg/L)的多效唑对盐处理(0.8%NaCl)高羊茅草坪草耐盐性的影响。结果表明,高羊茅在盐胁迫下表现出根长降低、生物量减少、相对含水量减少、丙二醛含量增加等一系列变化。施用不同浓度多效唑后,能增加高羊茅生物量,提高根长,促进叶片可溶性糖的积累,保持更高的叶片相对含水量,减少丙二醛的生成,从而在一定程度上缓解了高羊茅的盐害。400mg/L多效唑对增加高羊茅耐盐性的效果最理想。     

多效唑对盐胁迫下高羊茅耐盐性的作用

应用盆栽控盐方法,研究施用不同质量浓度的多效唑(200、400和600 mg/L)对盐处理(0.8%NaCl)高羊茅Festuca arundinacea草坪草耐盐性的影响。结果表明,高羊茅在盐胁迫下表现出根长缩短、生物量减少、相对含水量减少、丙二醛含量增加等一系列变化。施用不同质量浓度多效唑后,能不同程度地增加高羊茅生物量,延长根长,促进叶片可溶性糖的积累,保持更高的叶片相对含水量,减少丙二醛的生成,从而在一定程度上缓解了高羊茅的盐害。在所有的处理中,质量浓度为400 mg/L的多效唑对提高高羊茅耐盐性的效果最佳。     

植物生长调节剂对高羊茅草坪质量的影响

探讨了喷施不同浓度的矮壮素和一定浓度的多效唑对建植五年的高羊茅草坪质量的影响。结果表明,施用矮壮素可延缓高羊茅的生长速度,随着浓度的增加延缓作用加强,高羊茅的地下生物量及抗病性随矮壮素浓度增加而提高,低、中浓度的矮壮素改善了高羊茅的颜色、整齐度,随着浓度增加,这种作用由促进转为抑制,矮壮素以200μg/g浓度为宜;施用多效唑可延缓高羊茅的生长速度,促进地下生物量积累,增强抗病性,但抑制分蘖,对颜色、整齐度有伤害作用。     

多效唑对2种冷季型草坪草生长的影响

利用室内盆栽试验,研究不同浓度（100、 200、 300、 400、 500 mg/L）的多效唑对2种冷季型草坪草：草地早熟禾Poa pratensis--巴林和高羊茅Festuca arundinacea--法恩的株高、倒2叶长度、叶片内叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的多效唑在降低2种冷季型草坪草的株高和缩短叶片长度的同时,能显著增加2种草坪草的叶绿素含量,并使其组织中丙二醛含量降低和过氧化氢酶活性增强,且这种作用随浓度的升高而呈增加的趋势,说明多效唑可以提高草坪草的抗逆性。     

春施多效唑对高羊茅生长及饲草品质影响

春施不同浓度的多效唑对高羊茅Festuca arundinacea的生长及饲草品质影响的研究结果表明,多效唑对高羊茅的营养生长具有显著的抑制作用,多效唑处理后30 d,处理浓度为250,500,750和1 000 mg/L时,株高分别比对照降低了37.9%,43.5%,62.6%和71.1%.多效唑处理后叶色加深,叶片变小,叶面积指数下降,光合有效面积减小,地上部干物质积累量减少,与此同时单株茎蘖数增加,叶茎比提高,饲草中粗蛋白含量增加,中性洗涤纤维含量下降,饲草品质得到了改善.     

盐胁迫对高羊茅生长及抗氧化系统的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,50,100,200,300 mmol/L)胁迫对高羊茅生长及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,中、低浓度(50,100 mmol/L)盐胁迫下,高羊茅生物量和MDA含量与对照组相比没有显著变化;高浓度(200,300 mmol/L)盐胁迫后,生物量明显降低,MDA含量显著升高。抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性随着盐胁迫时间的延长先上升后下降,盐浓度越高3种酶活性下降幅度越大。盐胁迫初期,除类胡萝卜素含量略有上升外,GSH和还原型AsA均有不同程度的下降,随着胁迫时间的延长,3种抗氧化物质含量逐渐降低,200,300 mmol/L盐处理下降明显。     

Thiamin supplementation and the ingestive behavior of beef cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue

Livestock grazing endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) perform poorly due to tall fescue toxicosis, especially when animals are under heat stress. In order to determine whether thiamin promotes recovery from tall fescue toxicosis, 1 or 0 g of thiamin per day, as mononitrate, was fed orally to adult Angus (Bos taurus) cows (380 +/- 8 kg) grazing either tall fescue pasture with and without endophyte or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A tethered grazing system employing a split-plot design was used to estimate intake and components of ingestive behavior. No significant differences attributable to thiamin supplements were seen in rates of intake and biting, grazing time and intake per bite when cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue during the first 4 d of exposure. When cows grazed endophyte-infected (greater than 95%) tall fescue with 2,091 micrograms/g loline alkaloids after 4 d of exposure, the untreated animals ingested herbage dry matter (DM) at 1.19 kg/h, whereas the cows receiving thiamin ate 1.57 kg/h (P less than .05). Cattle achieved these rates of DM intake by forming bites of 1.0 and 1.2 g DM at 24 and 26 bites/min when treated with 0 and 1 g of thiamin per day, respectively. Thiamin supplements had no effect on ingestive behavior of cows grazing endophyte-free tall fescue or alfalfa after exposure to these forages for 4 d. Responses to thiamin generally were greater when cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue were exposed to heat stress. Oral thiamin supplementation may alleviate tall fescue toxicosis of beef cattle during warm weather.     

多效唑对高羊茅扩展性和根系特性的调控效应

在盆栽条件下,研究了喷施多效唑对高羊茅Festuca arundinacea单株扩展性和根系生态特性的影响,结果表明：在1001 900 mg/L质量浓度范围内,多效唑能有效抑制高羊茅植株的生长速度、地上枝叶的水平扩展、地上植物量的积累和根系生长,提高根系的表面积、体积和根冠比,促进分蘖和地下植物量的积累,质量浓度越高,调控效应越明显。质量浓度大于1 000 mg/L时,对分蘖的影响趋缓;大于1 300 mg/L时,对地上最大扩展距离、覆盖面积和地上植物量的影响趋缓。质量浓度为1 300 mg/L时,地下植物量、根系体积最大,根冠比最高。     

水杨酸浸种对高羊茅在干旱胁迫下萌发的影响

用不同浓度水杨酸溶液浸泡处理冷季型草坪草高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）的种子,在PEG 2000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,采用纸上发芽法（TP）研究了水杨酸浸种对盆景2000、猎狗5号、红宝石3个高羊茅品种萌发的影响。结果表明,在干旱条件下,适宜低浓度水杨酸溶液0.12~1.00 mmol/L浸种可以提高高羊茅种子的发芽势、发芽率,促进种子胚芽和胚根的生长,提高高羊茅种子萌发期的抗旱性;而高浓度水杨酸浸种抑制了种子的萌发和生长,3.00 mmol/L达到显著抑制水平（P＜0.05）。其中,能显著增强高羊茅种子萌发阶段抗旱性的水杨酸最适浓度为0.50 mmol/L。     

草坪型高羊茅幼苗对基质铅污染的生理生化响应

为探索植物对重金属的修复作用以及自身对重金属污染的生理效应,以基质盆栽高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗为试验材料,比较分析了不同铅胁迫下,高羊茅的生理生化效应.结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,不同铅浓度下的高羊茅叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性整体变化为先升后降,POD变化趋势较为缓慢,表明低浓度或短时间内铅可快速诱导高羊茅保护酶活性.叶绿素总量变化为低浓度(500,1000 mg·L^-1)下先增加后下降,高浓度下则为持续下降,表明高羊茅可能通过增加叶绿素来适应低铅胁迫,而高浓度下则失去了这种调节能力.3个铅浓度下的丙二醛(MDA)含量与胁迫时间及胁迫浓度均为正相关,表明随着胁迫浓度和时间的增加,细胞膜脂过氧化作用加强.脯氨酸含量在500,1000 mg·L^-1铅浓度下随时间增加为先降后升,1500 mg·L^-1浓度下则相反,但均高于对照,表明经铅胁迫后细胞的渗透调节能力增强.3个浓度下的可溶性糖含量变化均随时间表现出降-升-降,最终显著降低,整个变化过程低于对照.因此在铅胁迫过程中,这些生理特性的变化表明在低铅胁迫时高羊茅表现为积极适应和抵抗,而在高铅胁迫下则表现为忍耐和受损.     

赤霉素对干旱胁迫下高羊茅萌发及幼苗生长的缓解效应

为研究PEG胁迫下赤霉素浸种对高羊茅种子萌发的影响,试验选用5个赤霉素浸种处理:0,100,200,300,400 mg/L,浸种后分别在0%,5%,10%,15%,20% 5个浓度PEG胁迫下进行萌发试验,对浸种后种子的丙二醛,电导率和萌发及幼苗生长情况进行测定。结果表明:0和100 mg/L赤霉素浸种后种子的电导率显著高于(P≤0.05)其他3个浓度,丙二醛含量显著低于(P≤0.05)其他3个浓度。随着PEG浓度的升高,对种子的萌发和幼苗的抑制作用逐渐增强,当PEG浓度高于15%时,种子发芽率和根,芽长有明显下降。在5%和10%PEG胁迫时,100 mg/L赤霉素与0 mg/L浸种相比发芽势提高了47.06%、37.33%,发芽率提高了19.46%、16.95%。在5%,10%PEG胁迫时,200 mg/L赤霉素与0 mg/L浸种相比根长分别提高了53.26%、30.12%,芽长提高了79.87%、50.75%,随着PEG胁迫增大,赤霉素缓解PEG胁迫抑制根芽生长的作用逐渐减弱。另外,PEG胁迫对芽长的抑制作用比根长更强,而且经赤霉素浸种后幼苗的根冠比明显变小。综上所述,促进高羊茅种子萌发,幼苗生长和缓解干旱胁迫最适宜的赤霉素浓度为100~200 mg/L。     

香根草叶片水提液对重金属胁迫下两种草坪草种子萌发的影响

为改善重金属胁迫下草坪草种子的萌发,采用室内水分发芽床试验,研究香根草叶片水提液对单一不同浓度重金属(锌、铜、镉)胁迫下高羊茅和多年生黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,香根草叶片水提液对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草种子萌发无显著化感作用,但香根草叶片水提液相较对照(蒸馏水)显著提高了Cd²⁺(200mg/L)胁迫下多年生黑麦草种子的发芽率,Cu²⁺(100、200mg/L)、Cd²⁺(100、200mg/L)和Zn²⁺(200mg/L)胁迫下高羊茅种子的发芽率。香根草叶片水提液显著增加了的Zn²⁺(600mg/L)、Cu²⁺(50、100 mg/L)以及Cd²⁺(50、100、200 mg/L)胁迫下多年生黑麦草的苗长,显著增加了Zn²⁺(200、400 mg/L)、Cu²⁺(50 mg/L)以及Cd²⁺(100、200 mg/L)胁迫下多年生黑麦草的根长和最长根。另外,香根草叶片水提液显著增加了Cd²⁺(50、200 mg/L)胁迫下高羊茅的苗长,增加了Zn²⁺(200、400 mg/L)、Cd²⁺(50、200 mg/L)胁迫下高羊茅的根长和最长根。试验结果为香根草叶片水提液提高高羊茅和多年生黑麦草种子在Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺胁迫下的萌发特性提供科学依据,也为香根草更广泛的利用方式提供基础资料。     

The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats

The objective of this study was to compare methane emission by goats consuming the condensed tannin-containing forage sericea lespedeza (Les-pedeza cuneata) or a mixture of crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) and Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Two groups of 12 Angora does (initial average BW = 41.5 +/- 2.7 kg) that previously grazed a pasture of sericea lespedeza or crabgrass/tall fescue for approximately 4 mo were used. After 1 wk of adaptation to metabolism cages, gas exchange was measured for 24 h in an open-circuit respiration calorimetry system with four head boxes. Forage harvested daily from the previously grazed pastures was consumed ad libitum. Crude protein concentration was 10.3 and 13.0%, IVDMD was 64.5 and 75.3%, and the level of condensed tannins was 17.7 and 0.5% for sericea lespedeza and crabgrass/tall fescue, respectively. Dry matter intake (1.11 vs. 0.67 kg/d) and digestible DMI (estimated from IVDMD; 0.71 vs. 0.51 kg/d) were greater (P < 0.01) for sericea lespedeza than for crabgrass/tall fescue. Ruminal ammonia N (3.7 and 9.9 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and plasma urea-N concentrations (16.7 and 20.9 mg/dL; P = 0.07) were lower for sericea lespedeza than for crabgrass/tall fescue. Concentrations of individual and total VFA and the acetate-to-propionate ratio in ruminal fluid did not differ between treatments (P > 0.19). Despite higher DMI by goats fed sericea lespedeza, daily energy expenditure (409 vs. 431 kJ/kg BW(0.75)), heart rate (70 vs. 73 beats/min), and the ratio of energy expenditure to heart rate (5.82 vs. 5.94) did not differ between sericea lespedeza and crabgrass/tall fescue, respectively (P > 0.13). Methane emission expressed as both quantity per day or relative to DMI was lower (P <0.001) for sericea lespedeza than for crabgrass/tall fescue (7.4 vs. 10.6 g/d and 6.9 vs. 16.2 g/kg DMI). Substantial differences between the forages in condensed tannins concentration and methane emission by Angora goats suggest that condensed tannins decreased methane emission.     

Lysocellin effects on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in steers fed forage diets

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of lysocellin on growth performance and metabolism of steers fed forage-based diets. Treatments in all experiments consisted of 1) control, 2) 100 mg lysocellin/d, 3) 200 mg lysocellin/d and 4) 200 mg monensin/d. In each of two 90-d performance studies, 24 Hereford steers were individually fed greenchop (fungus-free tall fescue and Coastal and Tifton-44 bermudagrass) ad libitum and .91 kg/d of a corn-trace mineral salt supplement. In Exp. 1, tall fescue was fed from d 1 to 45 and bermudagrass from d 46 to 90. Bermudagrass was offered during d 1 to 45 and tall fescue during d 46 to 90 in Exp. 2. Lysocellin improved gain (Exp. 1, P less than .01) and feed conversion (Exp. 1 and 2 combined, P less than .05), decreased total VFA concentrations (P less than .05), increased molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate (P less than .01), decreased molar proportions of acetate and butyrate (P less than .01) and lowered acetate:propionate (P less than .01). Two metabolism studies involving a total of 16 Hereford steers were conducted. Steers were fed tall fescue greenchop and .91 kg/d supplement for a 34-d adjustment period followed by a 5-d total collection period. Lysocellin increased N digestibility (P less than .01) and N retention (P less than .06) but did not (P greater than .05) affect DM, NDF or ADF digestibility. Data indicate that lysocellin results in major alterations in ruminal fermentation and can increase growth performance and N retention in steers fed forage-based diets.