两种抗凝剂对大熊猫血液生理指标的影响

目的:比较分析两种抗凝剂对大熊猫血液生理指标的影响。方法:将60只成年大熊猫,分别用EDTA.K2和肝素钠抗凝采血后,用麦道尼克(MEDONIC)CA620全自动血细胞分析仪(瑞典原装进口)测定血液生理指标。结果:使用不同的抗凝剂,同一样本的血液生理指标中:血小板数目(PLT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板压积(PCT)、大血小板数(LPCR)、中值细胞(MID)、中值细胞百分比(MID%)、淋巴细胞绝对值(LYM)、淋巴细胞绝对值百分比(LYM)%、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)和平均红细胞体积(MCV)10个指标差异极显著(P0.01)。结论:不同抗凝剂对大熊猫血小板和白细胞分类计数参数影响极显著,进行相关实验时应妥善选择血液抗凝方式。     

不同抗凝剂处理绵羊血液对DNA提取效果的影响

试验旨在比较不同抗凝剂处理血液样品对DNA提取效果的影响。分别使用EDTA-K2、3.2%柠檬酸钠、肝素钠、氟化钠和肝素锂等5种抗凝剂的真空采血管采集小尾寒羊血液,之后采用试剂盒直接提取抗凝血中的DNA,采用NaOH-TE两步法提取抗凝血制成的FTA卡血液样品中的DNA。结果表明:采用试剂盒和NaOH-TE法均能成功提取5种抗凝剂处理的血液中的DNA;利用FTA卡血液样品中提取的DNA扩增的PCR产物浓度各组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),间接说明DNA提取质量各组之间基本一致;采用试剂盒提取时,提取浓度有一定差异,但差异不显著(P>0.05);氟化钠和肝素锂处理组提取的DNA浓度显著高于EDTA-K2和肝素钠处理组(P<0.05)。结果提示,在采集动物血液同时进行血气分析和提取DNA时,选择肝素锂作为抗凝剂较肝素钠更加适宜。     

不同抗凝剂对犬血细胞分析的影响

血液常规计数是临床上最基础的化验检查之一,指对血液中细胞各成分的检测分析,是诊断各种血液疾病的主要依据,鉴别和诊断动物的健康状态、对疾病的诊断有重要的临床意义.本实验采用血液分析仪在使用肝素、枸橼酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸盐(EDTA-Na2)三种抗凝剂后,通过全血细胞计数法来比较和分析不同抗凝剂对犬红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)和血小板(PLT)参数检测结果的影响.结论:使用肝素、枸橼酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸盐(EDTA-Na2)不同抗凝剂对犬血细胞分析检测后,四种抗凝剂对RBC、WBC、Hb的检测无明显的影响;肝素和枸橼酸钠使PLT计数下降.     

猪附红细胞体致病机理的研究进展

作者综述了猪附红细胞体的致病机理,其主要包括4个方面:①猪附红细胞体引起红细胞膜改变,导致自身免疫溶血性贫血;②使机体产生自身抗体即M型冷凝素,导致红细胞凝集、溶解和机体Ⅱ型过敏反应;③使血液葡萄糖水平降低,机体出现酸中毒,被感染的红细胞携带氧气的能力下降,常导致机体呼吸困难;④当出现严重的寄生虫血症时,抑制猪的免疫反应。     

凉山黄牛血液生理生化指标测定分析

为补充完善凉山黄牛的种质资源特性,建立凉山黄牛血液生理生化参考值,特开展凉山黄牛血液生理生化指标检测,以期为凉山黄牛的疾病诊断、饲养管理、品种选育等提供科学依据。随机采集3～4岁凉山黄牛公牛、母牛各29头静脉血液,检测28项血液生理生化指标。结果显示,凉山黄牛血液中白细胞数目、红细胞数目、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、红细胞分布宽度变异系数、血小板数目、平均血小板体积、血小板分布宽度、血小板压积、总蛋白、白蛋白、葡萄糖、总胆红素、谷氨酰转肽酶、谷丙转氨酶、尿素氮、球蛋白、钙、钠、钾、氯、磷等指标在性别间差异均不显著(P0.05)。公牛的碱性磷酸酶含量、平均红细胞体积均显著高于母牛(P0.05),肌酐含量极显著高于母牛(P0.01);母牛的总胆固醇含量显著高于公牛(P0.05)。凉山黄牛28项血液生理生化指标基本在我国地方牛种正常值范围内。     

四种猪血抗凝剂抗溶血效果比较及新复合型抗凝剂最佳使用条件研究

采用紫外分光光度计测定血浆液中血红蛋白的吸光值。比较添加不同抗凝剂血液保存时间,确定一种猪血新复合型抗凝剂及其最佳保存条件。试验结果表明,最佳使用条件为抗凝剂溶液浓度15%、抗凝剂添加比例4.5‰、保存温度8℃、保存时间不超过84h。     

勺鸡、石鸡和天鹅血液生理指标的比较研究

采用常规方法对人工饲养的3种鸟类(勺鸡、石鸡、天鹅)血液中的血红蛋白、红细胞沉降率、红细胞平均体积、红细胞比容、血细胞数及白细胞分类6项生理指标进行了测定。结果表明：天鹅的红细胞总数、血红蛋白含量、血小板总数、红细胞比容、红细胞体积最大,勺鸡次之,石鸡最小；红细胞沉降率石鸡最大,勺鸡次之,天鹅最小；白细胞总数及各类白细胞所占的比例3种鸟类之间差别不明显,白细胞体积天鹅最大,石鸡次之,勺鸡最小。种属不同是导致3种鸟血液生理常值差别的主要原因。     

会理黑山羊血液生理指标分析

对4岁、3岁、2岁、1岁和小于1岁的5个年龄段山羊进行血液生理指标检测,并与其他山羊部分生理指标进行比较分析。结果:3岁山羊的血红蛋白水平显著高于其他年龄的血红蛋白水平;1岁山羊的红细胞平均体积水平显著高于其他年龄的红细胞平均体积水平。雌雄间各生理指标的差异不显著,不同年龄段血液生理指标,除血红蛋白水平和红细胞平均体积水平外,差异均不显著。     

成年徐海鸡血液生理生化指标分析

为研究成年徐海鸡的血液生理生化指标,试验测定并分析了40周龄徐海鸡的各项血液生理生化指标。结果表明:1血液生理指标:徐海鸡公鸡红细胞计数(RBC)、白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)测定值极显著大于母鸡(P0.01),公鸡红细胞分布宽度(RDW)测定值显著大于母鸡(P0.05);2血液生化指标:徐海鸡公鸡谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、葡萄糖(GLU)、钠(Na)离子测定值极显著高于母鸡(P0.01),母鸡甘油三酯(TG)、镁(Mg)离子、钙(Ca)离子测定值极显著大于公鸡(P0.01),母鸡胆碱酯酶(CHE)、钾(K)离子测定值显著高于公鸡(P0.05)。     

麻醉对犬血液流变学的影响

关于麻醉对血液流变学的影响是近年来医学研究的热点,不同麻醉方式和麻醉药可改变血液流变性质,对手术和预后有一定的影响。吸入麻醉时,吸入麻醉药和高浓度氧气可降低红细胞聚集性和变形性,增加血液中纤维蛋白原降解,减少红细胞桥形成,降低血黏度。硬膜外阻滞麻醉时,局麻药可引起阻滞区域血管扩张、血管阻力减小、血流加快,使红细胞聚集性及血沉方程K值降低,降低血浆及全血黏度、改善术后的纤溶抑制状态;降低血小板浓度,但不抑制血小板聚集作用。此外,麻醉药除了对神经系统作用外,还对内分泌及细血管系统有明显的作用,引起血管的收缩或扩张,导致血液流变性质的变化。     

Effects of standard anticoagulants and storage procedures on plasma glucose values in seals.

Standard methods for the preservation of vertebrate blood samples for glucose analysis include collecting and storing the blood in evacuated tubes containing sodium fluoride (glycolytic inhibitor) and potassium oxalate (anticoagulant). We found that blood collected from 5 seals by venipuncture and transferred into these tubes had a significantly (P less than 0.05) lower plasma glucose value than blood transferred into tubes containing heparin. In species in which RBC glucose concentration is significantly less than that in the plasma, fluoride and oxalate-induced hemolysis dilutes the plasma with cytoplasm and lowers the measured concentration of glucose in plasma. Therefore, although plasma glucose is used extensively in experimental and clinical analyses, standard techniques for handling the blood may create errors that could confuse comparisons between individuals or species.     

Assessment of the effects of different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on erythrocytic indices of Nigerian White Fulani cattle and West African Dwarf goat

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on blood samples from White Fulani breed of cattle and West African Dwarf goat from Nigeria. Sample sizes of 20 animals were used for both species. Different concentrations of EDTA (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) were used. The packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of blood samples collected from White Fulani breed of cattle and West African Dwarf goat into bottles containing 16 mg/ml of EDTA were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those samples collected from the same animals into bottle containing 2 mg/ml (control). Similarly, the PCV, RBC and Hb values of the West African Dwarf goats in bottles containing 8 mg/ml of EDTA were significantly lower than those of the samples in the control (2 mg/ml). This study has shown that high concentration of EDTA as an anticoagulant can lead to a false erythrocytic index especially the PCV. In collecting blood samples for evaluation of haematological parameters, therefore, the blood volume/anticoagulant ratio must be strictly adhered to prevent error in the evaluated parameters in cattle and goats. Taken together, there is tendency for haemolytic anaemia to occur in blood sampled at higher concentration of anticoagulants in West African Dwarf goat than in White Fulani breed of cattle.     

Effect of specimen collection and storage on blood glucose and lactate concentrations in healthy,hyperthyroid and diabetic cats

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare and investigate differences in glucose and lactate concentrations in sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (NaF/Ox) plasma and serum in healthy cats and cats with metabolic disease. Glucose and lactate concentrations were determined in routinely processed serum and NaF/Ox plasma obtained from healthy (n = 30), hyperthyroid (n = 27) and diabetic (n = 30) cats, and in samples from 6 healthy cats stored at 25°C or 4°C for 0,1, 2, 4, or 8 hours. The packed cell volume (PCV) of blood collected in NaF/Ox was compared with that of blood collected in EDTA. Mean glucose concentration was significantly (P < .05) lower in NaF/Ox plasma than in serum in all groups of cats, by 0.7–2.5 mmol/L (11–45 mg/dL); the difference was greater in cats with hyperglycemia. Mean lactate concentration was significantly higher in serum than in NaF/Ox plasma in all groups of cats, by 0.4–1.2 mmol/L (3.6–10.8 mg/dL); the difference was greater in hyperthyroid and diabetic cats. In vitro, only serum stored on the clot for ≥ 1hour at 25°C had significantly lower glucose and higher lactate concentrations. The PCV of NaF/Ox-anticoagulated blood was lower than that of EDTA-anticoagulated blood, by 7.0%± 1.4% (P<.01). In conclusion, collection of feline blood in NaF/Ox was necessary to prevent in vitro increases in lactate concentration; however, NaF/Ox artifactually decreased plasma glucose concentration because of RBC shrinkage. The PCV should not be determined on blood collected in NaF/Ox.     

Anticoagulant-induced Alterations in Pig Platelets

Application of an anticoagulant to prevent clotting is a prerequisite for the retention of morphological integrity of platelets in blood samples. Among the anticoagulants used for the collection of blood from veterinary animals, are heparin, the oxalate salts (sodium and potassium) and di-sodium and tri-sodium citrates. In a study on the effects of anticoagulants on platelet morphology, it was noted that oxalates caused severe morphological distortion in platelets. It is hypothesized that the membranous extensions, pseudopodia and loops detected in the platelets in oxalated blood may have been triggered by the irreversible formation of calcium oxalate salts which in turn alter the intracellular electrolyte balance.     

The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes:In vitro studies

The effects of various concentrations of furosemide and pentoxifylline on equine RBCin vitro were evaluated to facilitate better understanding of the potential effects of these drugs on blood flow properties. Furosemide induced increased mean cell volume (MCV), increased RBC potassium concentration, increased whole blood viscosity, and decreased the RBC filtrability. These data indicate that furosemide may block the RBC membrane transport pathways resulting in potassium and water retention. The increase in size and the resultant decrease in the surface-area-to-volume ratio may have caused the impaired RBC filtrability and increased blood viscosity. Pentoxifylline improved RBC filtrability without changing the RBC size or the potassium or chloride concentrations, suggesting that pentoxifylline may increase the deformability of the RBC membrane. The study indicated that pentoxifylline has potential therapeutic applications for improving microvascular blood flow but that furosemide may have adverse effects on blood flow.Abbreviations cP centipoise - EIPH exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage - MCV mean cell volume - Na-K-2Cl sodium potassium 2-chloride - PCV packed cell volume - RBC red blood cell     

Reduction of the red blood cell mass of horses: toxic effect of heparin anticoagulant therapy

This study was designed to test the efficacy of heparin anticoagulant therapy in the horse and its effect on the formed elements of blood. Nine clinically normal, nontraumatized adult horses were subjected to 4 different heparin maintenance regimens (dosages of 320, 240, 160, and 40 U/kg of body weight). Porcine intestinal mucosa heparin (20,000 U/ml) was injected subcutaneously every 12 hours for 96 hours (total 9 times). A loading dose of one-third the maintenance dose was given IV just before the first heparin injection. Three control horses were given an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution. The 2 large doses of heparin (320, 240 U/kg) resulted in an extension of the therapeutic range for heparin anticoagulant therapy (1.5 to 2.5 X data base-line prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT]). The 160-U/kg dose maintained the APTT in the therapeutic range, and the 40-U/kg dose had no effect on the APTT. Heparin was shown to exert a profound influence on the RBC mass of the horse. Three of the heparin regimens (320, 240, and 160 U/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in RBC numbers, PCV, and total hemoglobin content. Platelet count also was reduced in the horses when given the 320 and 240 U/kg doses. The observed increase in the mean corpuscular volume was associated with decreasing RBC numbers. Plasma proteins, serum bilirubin, free hemoglobin (plasma), haptoglobin (plasma), and urine and fecal hemoglobin values remained unchanged in all groups. Heparin anticoagulation therapy with the smallest dose (40 U/kg) had no detectable effects on the measured values, nor did the saline solution.     

Blood volume measurements in gopher snakes, using autologous 51Cr-labeled red blood cells

Blood volume determinations were performed in 5 anesthetized gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) by means of a 51Cr-labeled red blood cell (RBC) method. The mean blood volume was 52.8 ml/kg of body weight (+/- 6.21 SE). Previous blood volume measurements have not been reported for this species. The RBC survival rate was estimated to be greater than 660 days. The RBC survival rate is long, but it cannot be determined accurately by this method.     

Performance of the Ascensia ENTRUST glucose meter for determination of blood glucose concentration in rats

Background: The Ascensia ENTRUST blood glucose meter is intended for self‐monitoring of blood glucose by diabetic patients. Use of such a glucometer would minimize blood volume requirements for the measurement of glucose in small laboratory animals. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the Ascensia ENTRUST for measuring glucose in whole blood from Wistar rats by evaluating the effect of anticoagulant and sample processing delay and comparing normalized results with plasma glucose concentration. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the retroorbital sinus of 30 male Wistar rats with a wide range of blood glucose concentrations. Glucose concentration was measured with the Ascensia ENTRUST in nonheparinized (NH) and heparinized samples immediately after collection (Hep‐0) and in heparinized samples after a 15 min delay at 23–28°C (Hep‐15). Heparinized samples were centrifuged and glucose concentration was determined in plasma using an automated chemistry analyzer. Results were compared to assess the effect of anticoagulant (NH vs Hep‐0) and time (Hep 0 vs Hep 15), and to compare normalized Hep‐15 results with plasma glucose concentration. Results: Glucose concentration was not significantly different between NH and Hep‐0 samples. Glucose concentration was lower in Hep‐15 (77±36.9 mg/dL) than Hep‐0 (88±39.7 mg/dL) samples, but the difference was not significant. With normalization, Hep‐15 glucose concentration correlated well (r≥.98) with plasma glucose concentration but was lower by 6.0±16.7 mg/dL, with a positive bias at low glucose concentrations and a negative bias at high concentrations. Conclusion: The Ascensia ENTRUST may be adequate for repeated blood glucose measurements in rats, but its results do not accurately predict plasma glucose concentrations measured by an automated clinical chemistry analyzer.     

Effects of flunixin meglumine on blood pressure and fluid compartment volume changes in ponies given endotoxin

A study was conducted to determine whether body fluids undergo a net shift from one compartment to another during endotoxin-induced shock in the pony, and whether flunixin meglumine alters these endotoxin-induced changes in the volumes of body fluid compartments. Total blood, RBC, and plasma volumes were determined, using 51Cr-labeled RBC and PCV that were corrected for trapped plasma. Total body water was measured by distribution of 3HOH. Arterial blood pressure was measured directly, using a blood pressure transducer. Treatment (flunixin meglumine, 1.1 mg/kg of body weight) was given to 6 of the 12 ponies 1 minute before an IV injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (100 micrograms/kg of body weight, LD100). The PCV and RBC volume increased in both groups; however, the hemoconcentration was less in flunixin meglumine-treated ponies. In nontreated ponies, total blood volume and plasma volume decreased significantly during the first hour after endotoxin administration. In treated ponies, total blood volume did not vary significantly, and plasma volume decreased only slightly. In both groups, the increase in PCV was apparently due to splenic contraction, which increased the number of circulating RBC. Hemoconcentration was further increased in nontreated ponies by the loss of plasma into the interstitial space. Flunixin meglumine reduced plasma loss, minimized hemoconcentration, and maintained normal blood volume. Total body water remained constant in treated and nontreated ponies.     

Partitioning of propofol between blood cells, plasma and deproteinised plasma in sheep

The partitioning of propofol within the blood, when administered in its usual emulsion carrier, has been determined in vitro in sheep. The blood:plasma ratio was found to be 1.13 and the blood-cell:plasma ratio 1.42. When oxalate was used as the anticoagulant, the plasma protein binding was calculated to be 92.6% - slightly lower than reported for dog, rat, rabbit and man. However, when heparin was the anticoagulant, the binding was significantly less, 83.0%. Differences from some results in the literature may be attributable to other workers using propofol without the lipid emulsion carrier. From the results of this study it is argued that anaemia and plasma levels of protein and lipid may affect propofol requirements.