不同收获期的籽粒苋绿肥还田对土壤养分的影响

为研究不同时期收获的籽粒苋还田后对土壤养分的影响,采用室内恒温培养模拟籽粒苋还田,测定了生长45,55和65 d收获的籽粒苋还田后土壤可溶性碳(DOC),无机氮(Nmin),速效钾,缓效钾含量的变化趋势.研究结果表明,不同时期收获的籽粒苋还田后0~14 d,土壤DOC,Nmin,速效钾,土壤缓效钾含量均显著增加,籽粒苋氮表观释放率达到19.5%以上,而钾表观释放率在63.4%以上;还田14~56 d,土壤Nmin,速效钾,缓效钾含量均为生长45 d收获的处理>55 d收获的处理>65 d收获的处理>对照,但此阶段各处理土壤DOC,组成土壤Nmin的铵态氮(除45 d收获的还田处理)与对照之间没有显著差异;还田56 d后,添加籽粒苋的土壤Nmin是对照的3.4倍,速效钾是对照的3.1倍,缓效钾是对照的1.1倍.此外,培养期间生长45 d收获的籽粒苋氮,钾表观释放率低于生长55和65 d收获的籽粒苋.由此表明,籽粒苋还田14 d后对土壤有效养分就有明显改善效果,籽粒苋生长45 d收获还田效果较好.     

干旱绿洲灌区玉米氮素吸收利用对绿肥还田利用方式的响应

针对干旱绿洲灌区小麦与玉米长期连作、麦后休闲期长、氮肥利用效率不高等问题,研究麦后复种绿肥对轮作玉米氮素吸收利用的影响具有重要意义。在石羊河流域,通过田间试验研究麦后复种绿肥不同还田利用方式(全量翻压、地表覆盖免耕、地上部收获后根茬翻压、地上部收获后免耕和不复种绿肥并采用传统翻耕)对后茬玉米氮素利用特征的影响。结果表明,与不复种绿肥相比,绿肥全量翻压和地表覆盖免耕还田处理下玉米播前030 cm土层矿质氮含量显著增加11.7%、10.0%,微生物量氮含量增加14.3%、16.2%;抽雄吐丝期,030 cm土层土壤矿质氮含量增加17.0%、13.7%,微生物量氮含量增加8.7%、10.7%,为玉米氮素高效利用奠定了基础。绿肥全量翻压和地表覆盖免耕还田处理的玉米地上部植株吸氮量和籽粒吸氮量较不复种绿肥翻耕处理明显增加,其氮素利用率和氮肥偏生产力较不复种绿肥翻耕处理平均提高20.1%、25.8%和17.3%、22.2%,且该条件下玉米氮素利用率和氮肥利用率显著高于绿肥根茬还田处理。因此,在干旱绿洲灌区,麦后复种绿肥全量翻压或地表覆盖免耕在提高土壤氮素含量的同时,实现了玉米氮素的高效利用。     

畜牧业与温室气体排放

1严峻的现实 联合国粮农组织（AFO）2006年报告《牲畜的巨大阴影——环境问题与选择》指出：＂由于人类对肉类和奶类的需求不断上升,畜牧业快速发展,畜牧业造成温室气体排放量占全球总量的18%,超过全球交通运输的排放。     

畜牧业与温室气体排放

<正>1严峻的现实联合国粮农组织(AFO)2006年报告《牲畜的巨大阴影——环境问题与选择》指出:"由于人类对肉类和奶类的需求不断上升,畜牧业快速发展,畜牧业造成温室气体排放量占全球总量的18%,超过全球交通运输的排放。     

壳聚糖对奶牛人工瘤胃温室气体排放的影响

研究旨在探讨添加不同水平的壳聚糖对奶牛人工瘤胃温室气体排放的影响。试验利用体外培养技术,采集健康荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃液,以精粗比为40:60的配合饲料为发酵底物,配制人工瘤胃体外培养液。设置5个处理,每个处理6个重复。对照组不添加壳聚糖,试验组分别添加0.3%、0.6%、1.2%和2.4%的壳聚糖,体外厌氧培养24h,分别于培养时间为12和24h时,测定反应体系中CH4、CO2和N2O的产量。结果表明:1~12h,人工瘤胃中CH4的产量随壳聚糖添加剂量的升高,呈现一次线性降低趋势(P=0.074)。13~24h,随壳聚糖添加剂量的升高,各培养瓶中CH4的产量呈现显著的一次线性(P=0.05)降低。此外,人工瘤胃中CO2和N2O的产量与壳聚糖没有显著的剂量依赖关系(P0.05)。由此可见,添加适宜剂量的壳聚糖可以降低瘤胃CH4的产量,一定程度上可以缓解大气的温室效应。     

翻压紫云英对稻田土壤还原物质变化特征及温室气体排放的影响

采用室内培养试验监测紫云英翻压后土壤还原物质和温室气体的动态变化,旨在为紫云英还田造成水稻僵苗及带来的环境效应提供理论依据。结果表明,翻压紫云英显著增加土壤还原性物质总量、活性还原性物质含量、Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺含量,显著降低土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)。与对照(CK)相比,翻压紫云英15000(M₁)、30000(M₂)、45000 kg·hm^-2(M₃)处理土壤还原性物质总量平均值分别增加0.34、0.80、1.16 cmol·kg^-1,土壤活性还原性物质含量平均值分别增加0.14、0.35、0.52 cmol·kg^-1,Fe²⁺含量平均值分别增加87.91、182.91、280.61 mg·kg^-1,Mn²⁺含量平均值分别增加10.12、12.77、15.73 mg·kg^-1,Eh平均值分别降低32.88、47.98、57.26 mV。还原性物质均在培养近15 d时达到高峰,M₃处理Fe²⁺含量最高超过400 mg·kg^-1,已达到水稻幼苗中毒浓度。翻压紫云英显著增加CO₂、CH₄排放,降低N₂O排放,增加了全球增温潜势(GWP)。与CK相比,M₁、M₂、M₃的CO₂排放速率平均值分别增加7.67、12.48、20.54 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,CO₂累计排放量分别增加171.63、293.42、498.45 mg·kg^-1,CH₄排放速率平均值分别增加0.04、0.09、0.21 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,CH₄累计排放量分别增加0.36、0.69、1.77 mg·kg^-1,N₂O排放速率平均值分别降低0.46、0.64、0.72 μg·kg^-1·d^-1,N₂O累计排放量分别降低10.00、13.02、14.36 μg·kg^-1,M₁、M₂、M₃的GWP平均值分别是CK的1.59、2.04、2.91倍。CO₂、N₂O排放主要集中在培养前期,CH₄排放主要集中在培养后期。还原性物质含量与CO₂、CH₄的排放呈显著正相关,与N₂O排放呈显著负相关。综上,翻压紫云英增加还原性物质含量,促使CO₂、CH₄排放,抑制N₂O排放,增加GWP。实践中翻压紫云英可增加水稻产量,探索适宜紫云英翻压量确保单位水稻产量下的GWP不增加实现增产和环境效应的双赢具有重要实践意义,但这需要通过盆栽和大田试验验证。     

夏季放牧强度对藏北草原温室气体排放的影响

高寒草原是我国青藏高原最主要的放牧草地类型之一,为了研究放牧强度对其温室气体排放的影响,在藏北紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)草原进行不同放牧强度试验,并采用静态箱法在夏季放牧期间对不同放牧强度下CO2、CH4和N2O 3种主要的温室气体排放情况进行了测定。结果表明,高寒紫花针茅草原CO2的排放在适宜的放牧强度下随放牧强度的增加而增加,但当放牧强度继续增大至重牧水平时,CO2排放降低;放牧强度的增加会显著(P0.05)降低高寒紫花针茅草原对CH4的吸收,但不改变草原作为CH4汇的功能;轻牧对高寒紫花针茅草原N2O排放无显著影响,当放牧强度达中牧或重牧水平,N2O的排放也显著(P0.05)增加,且中牧与重牧相互之间差异显著(P0.05);以全球增温潜势折算总温室气体排放,CO2排放平均占总温室气体排放的约98%,CH4吸收和N2O的排放各只占约1%,CH4吸收与N2O的排放与放牧强度互为消长。     

动物在温室气体排放中的作用

温室气体是引起全球变暖的重要原因之一,但目前对其部分来源尚不十分清楚。动物作为生态系统重要组成部分,在温室气体排放中扮演着怎样的角色,对这一问题的研究将有助于进一步认识动物对自然界物质循环的影响及在全球气候变化中作用。近年的科学研究证明,动物不仅在重要的温室气体CO2和N2O排放中起主要作用,而且是温室气体CH4的不可忽视的重要排放源。     

黄土高原雨养农业区不同种植模式土壤温室气体排放特征

研究陇中黄土高原旱作农田,设置了苜蓿-苜蓿(L-L)、苜蓿-休闲(L-F)、苜蓿-小麦(L-W)、苜蓿-玉米(L-C)、苜蓿-马铃薯(L-P)和苜蓿-谷子(L-M)6个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法和碳通量测量系统LI-8100对苜蓿后茬轮作不同作物土壤温室气体排放动态及其影响因素进行了测定与分析。研究结果表明,农田土壤表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄吸收汇,且呈现夏秋高,春冬低的季节性变化特征。L-L处理的CO₂累积排放量最高,L-W处理较之降低了42.43%;L-C处理的N₂O累积排放量最高,L-P处理最低;CH₄吸收量以L-M处理最高,较L-F和L-L分别增加了62.71%和31.87%,综合增温潜势表现为L-L>L-M>L-C>L-P>L-F>L-W。相关分析结果表明,CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放量与脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性及土壤温度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与土壤水分在不同土层有显著相关性;逐步回归分析发现,土壤温度、过氧化氢酶是CO₂和CH₄排放的主导因素,土壤温度极显著影响气体排放,N₂O排放主要受到环境因子的影响。综合来看,与长期苜蓿连作相比,黄土高原地区苜蓿种植一定年限之后轮作粮食作物能减少土壤温室气体排放量,减弱农田温室气体的增温效应,其中以小麦效果最佳。     

草地生态系统温室气体排放机理及影响因素

草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体,已成为人类活动影响较为严重的陆地生态系统之一,其温室气体排放对全球气候变化具重要影响.本研究综述了草地生态系统中主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的排放机理和主要影响因素的研究进展,指出草地生态系统温室气体排放的不确定性是环境、生物和管理因素共同作用的结果.应加强草地生态系统温室气体产...     

DNDC模型评估苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

DNDC(denitrifiction-decompostion)模型是以生物地球化学进程为基础模拟碳氮循环的模型,被广泛用来预测稻田温室气体的排放,但利用DNDC模型研究苜蓿绿肥对稻田生态系统的相关研究尚未见报道。因此,本研究结合两种绿肥在上海地区的使用,模拟了4个不同处理:对照(未施氮肥和绿肥)、氮肥(200 kg/hm²)、紫花苜蓿绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥和蚕豆绿肥(3000 kg DM/hm²)+氮肥,研究苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,同时,对DNDC模型进行本地化修正,建立适宜我国长江中下游地区绿肥-水稻轮作生态系统的DNDC模型,结果表明,与对照相比,苜蓿、蚕豆和氮肥处理下的水稻产量分别提高了41.85%,29.81%和25.36%;蚕豆绿肥处理下的CH₄排放量高于苜蓿绿肥处理,温室气体的排放强度在苜蓿绿肥处理下未显著提高。通过对DNDC模型多个参数的调整和模拟,DNDC模型对水稻产量和CH₄排放的模拟值与实测值十分接近,其中,水稻产量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R²为0.89,相对平均误差RMD为-0.8%。大气温度、大气CO₂浓度、土壤有机碳和土壤粘粒对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放十分敏感,其中,大气温度、CO₂浓度和土壤有机碳与CH₄和N₂O的排放强度呈显著的正相关关系,而土壤粘粒与CH₄排放呈显著的负相关关系,本研究结果说明本地化改进的DNDC模型能够准确模拟紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的作用效果。     

紫花苜蓿绿肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）为绿肥植物,利用南方冬闲田种植紫花苜蓿绿肥,研究紫花苜蓿绿肥（茎叶粉碎还田）和氮肥处理对水稻（Oryza sativa）生长、土壤有机质、土壤总氮、土壤速效磷和土壤速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,紫花苜蓿绿肥和紫花苜蓿绿肥+氮肥处理的水稻产量分别比不施氮肥处理增加了48.2%和72.1%,同时绿肥+氮肥处理的水稻产量比施氮肥处理增加了8.6%。苜蓿绿肥处理显著提高了土壤有机质、总氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,改善了稻田土壤的理化性状;同时,苜蓿绿肥+氮肥处理对增加土壤有机质的作用效果最为明显,并且有效促进了土壤磷和钾的活性,增加了水稻对土壤磷和钾的吸收,从而促进水稻增产。研究反映出紫花苜蓿作为绿肥能够有效改善稻田土壤营养,提高氮肥利用效率,促进水稻增产,是我国南方利用冬闲田种植绿肥、改良农田土壤的又一重要绿肥植物资源。     

施粪对典型草原温室气体排放的影响

研究以陇东典型草原为对象,采用静态箱–气象色谱分析法测定典型草原滩羊放牧生态系统在施粪7、14、21 d和不同温度下CO₂、CH₄和N₂O气体通量,分析了施粪后时间和温度对3种主要温室气体通量的影响。主要结果如下:1)施粪具有抑制典型草原3种主要温室气体通量趋势,温室气体通量随施粪后时间的延长而下降。施粪后草原CH₄吸收通量减少;CO₂和N₂O的排放通量先增加,但是21 d后低于对照组。2)除对照组CO₂排放通量与土壤温度呈正相关关系外,土壤温度与施粪组的对照组的CH₄吸收量、N₂O排放量,施粪组的CO₂排放量呈负相关关系。     

Effects of intensification of pastoral farming on greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand

Abstract

AIMS: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to investigate the herd and cow-level prevalence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) in dairy farms in the northern Taranaki region of New Zealand, and to identify whether there was any spatial clustering of herds with the disease.

METHODS: A survey of 224 dairy farms in the northern Taranaki region of New Zealand was undertaken from September 2014 to February 2015. Following training in robust criteria to confirm BDD visually, a technician inspected the rear feet of every milking cow on the farms during milking. The identity of cows with lesions and the feet involved were recorded. The proportion of cows affected among the inspected population (cow-level prevalence), the proportion of a herd affected (farm-level prevalence), and proportion of farms with ≥1 cow with lesions, were calculated. A bivariate K function analysis was then used to assess whether farms with ≥1 cow with lesions were clustered, after accounting for the distribution of the farms involved in the study.

RESULTS: Bovine digital dermatitis lesions were observed on 143/224 (63.8 (95% CI=57.5–70.1)%) farms. Within-farm prevalence was 0% on 81 (36.2%) farms, between >0 and <3% on 120 (53.5%) farms, with a maximum prevalence of 12.7% on one farm. Overall, cow-level prevalence was 707/60,455 (1.2 (95% CI=0.9–3.0)%), and on affected farms was 707/41,116 (1.7 (95% CI=1.4–2.1)%). In affected cows, 268/707 (37.9%) had a lesion on left foot only, 262/707 (37.1%) on the right foot only and 177/707 (25.0%) on both feet. The K function analysis showed no evidence of clustering of farms with BDD.

CONCLUSIONS: Bovine digital dermatitis was widespread among the survey farms, but there was no evidence that there was any clustering of herds with BDD. The cow-level prevalence on affected farms was much lower than reported elsewhere.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the prevalence at the cow level was low, if these data are representative of other regions of New Zealand, BDD could easily become a major problem on dairy farms in New Zealand, as has been observed in other countries.     

Effects of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality forages on greenhouse gas emissions

Providing supplements that enhance the efficiency of feed utilization can reduce methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminants. Protein supplementation is widely used to increase intake and digestion of low-quality forages, yet little is known about its impact on CH₄ emissions. British-cross steers (n = 23; initial body weight [BW] = 344 ± 33.9 kg) were used in a three-period crossover design to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation to beef cattle consuming low-quality forage on ruminal CH₄, metabolic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, forage intake, and ruminal fermentation. Steers individually had ad libitum access to low-quality bluestem hay (4.6% crude protein [CP]) and were provided supplemental protein based on (dry matter basis): cottonseed meal (CSM; 0.29% of BW daily; 391 g/d CP), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0.41% of BW daily 563 g/d CP), or none (CON). Urea was added to DDGS to match rumen degradable protein provided by CSM. Ruminal CH₄ and metabolic CO₂ fluxes were obtained 2.4 ± 0.4 times per steer daily using an automated open-circuit gas quantification system (GreenFeed emission monitoring system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD). Forage intake increased (P < 0.01) with protein supplementation; however, no difference in forage intake (P = 0.14) was observed between CSM and DDGS treatments. Flux of CO₂ (g/d) was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed CSM and DDGS than for steers fed CON. Steers supplemented with CSM had greater (P < 0.01) CH₄ emissions (211 g/d) than DDGS (197 g/d) both of which were greater (P < 0.01) than CON (175 g/d). Methane emissions as a proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) were lowest (P < 0.01) for DDGS (7.66%), intermediate for CSM (8.46%) steers, and greatest for CON (10.53%). Steers fed DDGS also had the lowest (P < 0.01) ruminal acetate:propionate ratio (3.60), whereas CSM (4.89) was intermediate, and CON (5.64) steers were greatest. This study suggests that the common practice of supplementing protein to cattle consuming low-quality forage decreases greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GEI.     

不同降水格局下填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田夏闲期土壤温室气体排放的影响

田间盆栽试验研究了不同降水格局下填闲种植对冬小麦农田夏闲期土壤温室气体排放的影响。试验采用控制降水格局(自然降水和减半降水)和填闲作物(黑麦草单播、长武怀豆单播、黑麦草和怀豆混播、裸地对照)双因素处理设计, 利用静态箱-气相色谱法对土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄排放通量进行观测。结果表明:1)各处理土壤是CO₂、N₂O的排放源, 是CH₄的弱吸收汇。2)降水格局和填闲种植对土壤温室气体排放均具有显著影响。与自然降水相比, 减半降水的土壤CO₂日均排放通量降低了33%, N₂O日均排放通量降低了17.9%, 但对CH₄通量影响不大。3)与裸地对照相比, 单播黑麦草、长武怀豆和二者混播日均CO₂排放通量提高了140.8%、135.6%和137.7%, 不同填闲处理间差异不显著。而日均N₂O排放通量分别降低了8.0%、21.8%和27.4%, 其中单播长武怀豆和混播处理与单播黑麦草处理差异显著。单播长武怀豆处理土壤日均CH₄吸收通量较裸地对照、单播黑麦草和混播处理分别降低了65.8%、63.7%和68.9%。4)与自然降水相比, 减半降水农田综合增温潜势平均下降了26.1%, 温室气体排放强度平均提高了47.2%。而与裸地对照相比, 单播黑麦草、单播长武怀豆和二者混播处理综合增温潜势平均分别提高了67.9%、65.5%和67.8%, 且各填闲作物处理间差异不显著。与单播黑麦草和混播处理相比, 在冬小麦夏闲期单播长武怀豆具有更高的地上生物量和更低的温室气体排放强度, 在自然降水条件下能够兼顾经济效益与生态效益, 适宜在本地区加以推广种植。     

Feedlot efficiency implications on greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability

The term sustainable has many meanings, but in agriculture it generally refers to some balance between environmental, social, and economic goals. The objective of this project was to quantify inputs and outputs to assess the sustainability implications of 2 feedlot cattle management systems: Never Ever 3 (NE3) and a conventional (CON) system using metabolic modifiers. Angus-cross steers (n=104) were stratified by BW (337 kg ± 17) and randomly assigned to 4 pens per treatment group. The NE3 cattle received no feed additives or implants, whereas CON were implanted with 100 mg of trenbolone acetate and 14 mg of estradiol benzoate on d 1 and 70, and were additionally fed monensin [330 mg/(animal·d)] and tylosin phosphate [90 mg/(animal·d)] in their ration throughout the course of the study, and ractopamine hydrochloride at 254 mg/(animal·d) for the last 29 d on feed. Cattle were shipped on a constant average pen weight basis (596 kg ± 32 BW). The CON cattle had greater ADG (1.81 vs. 1.35 kg, P < 0.01) and were on feed fewer days (146 vs. 188 d, P < 0.01) than the NE3 cattle. No significant differences were observed in HCW (P = 0.072) or dressing percentage (P=0.62) between treatments (P > 0.05); however, CON carcasses averaged larger ribeye area (87 vs. 80 cm(2), P < 0.01), greater Warner-Bratzler shear force measurement (WBSF; 3.46 vs. 3.19 kg, P < 0.01), and smaller USDA marbling score (5.4 vs. 6.2, P < 0.01), and less backfat thickness (1.64 vs. 1.84 cm, P < 0.05) and yield grade (3.38 vs. 3.95, P < 0.01) than NE3 carcasses. Overall, CON cattle consumed 393 kg less DM in the feedlot (1,250 vs. 1,643 kg; P < 0.05). No treatment effects were observed for daily methane (CH(4); P=0.62) or nitrous oxide (N(2)O; P=0.7) emissions per steer. Assuming a constant emission rate on a DMI basis throughout the course of the feedlot trial, CON feedlot management resulted in a 31% decrease in emissions per finished steer compared with NE3 management. Expressing CH(4) emissions on a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO(2)-eq) basis revealed a 1.10-kg CO(2)-eq difference per kilogram BW gain (5.02 kg of NE3 vs. 3.92 kg of CON) between the 2 feedlot management systems. Although the metabolic modifiers resulted in additional costs for the CON treatment group, the cost per kilogram of feedlot BW gain was significantly less ($1.12/kg vs. $1.35/kg; P < 0.05) than NE3. Both production systems satisfied some sustainability criteria, although neither concurrently fulfilled all of the environmental, social, and economic goals of agricultural sustainability.     

高寒灌丛土壤温室气体释放对添加不同形态氮素的响应

为探索不同形态氮素输入对青藏高原高寒灌丛土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄排放的影响,采集青藏高原东部金露梅高寒灌丛土壤,设置1个对照(CK)和3个添加不同形态氮素的处理(NH₄Cl,NH₄NO₃,KNO₃),在实验室恒温15℃下进行培养,分析了土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄的释放量以及土壤NH₄⁺,NO₃^-和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。结果表明:1)所有氮素处理抑制了高寒灌丛土壤CO₂的排放,土壤CO₂排放量与DOC浓度呈显著正相关关系;2)所有氮素处理显著增加了土壤N₂O的排放,而且以添加NO₃^--N增加的N₂O最为显著;3)高寒灌丛土壤N₂O的产生过程以反硝化作用为主;4)添加不同形态氮素对高寒灌丛土壤CH₄吸收没有显著影响。5)不同形态氮素施入后,高寒灌丛土壤温室气体全球增温潜能(GWP)顺序:KNO₃>NH₄NO₃>NH₄Cl>CK。     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.