中国地方鸡种肌肉微量元素含量比较研究

对我国肖山鸡、白耳鸡、狼山鸡、乌骨鸡、油鸡、白耳鸡（♂）×肖山鸡（♀）、肖山鸡（♂）×白耳鸡（♀）７个地方鸡种１２周龄肌肉Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｓｅ元素含量进行了分析。结果显示：Ｆｅ含量在白耳鸡和油鸡肌肉中最高,而肖山鸡和狼山鸡含量最低;Ｃｕ含量在白耳鸡和肖山鸡（♂）×白耳鸡（♀）肌肉中最高,而白耳鸡（♂）×肖山鸡（♀）含量最低;Ｚｎ含量在油鸡肌肉中最高,其次为白耳鸡（♂）×肖山鸡（♀）;Ｃｒ含量在白耳鸡（♂）×肖山鸡（♀）肌肉中含量最高,其次为肖山鸡、油鸡、乌骨鸡,狼山鸡含量最低;Ｓｅ含量在油鸡肌肉中含量最高,白耳鸡及肖山鸡（♂）×白耳鸡（♀）含量较低;Ｍｎ含量在各地方鸡种间无明显的差异。     

地方鸡肌肉中常量化学成分含量变化规律研究

对中国４个地方鸡种（肖山鸡、白耳鸡、狼山鸡、北京油鸡）及２个杂交种（白耳鸡（♂）×肖山鸡（♀）、肖山鸡（♂）×白耳鸡（♀））不同周龄肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、灰分、钙、磷含量进行比较分析。结果表明,在１２周龄前,随着日龄的增长,地方鸡（杂）种肌肉内水分、灰分、钙的含量逐渐下降,而蛋白质含量逐渐上升,磷的含量则变化不大。     

乌骨鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量

以乌骨鸡(泰和鸡)为主要研究对象,以白耳鸡、罗曼蛋鸡、石歧杂、康达尔黄鸡、爱拔益加为对照,测定了其肌肉肌苷酸的含量.结果表明,在测定的鸡种中,乌骨鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量最高,爱拔益加最低;随着品种体重的增大,肌肉肌苷酸的含量有下降的趋势;各品种鸡体重与肌肉肌苷酸有一负相关的迹象.     

肉兔血浆酶活性比较及其与生产性能关系的研究

对新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 )、齐卡兔 (G系 )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ,♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ ) 10 0日龄血浆碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、谷草转氨酶 (GOT)、谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)活性 ,及其与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重和料重比的相关性进行了研究。结果表明 :齐卡兔 (G系 )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 )血浆AKP活性显著高于新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ )(P <0 .0 5 )。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GOT活性之间没有显著差异。加利福尼亚兔血浆GPT活性显著高于齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ ) ,其它 6个品种 (或组合 )兔之间差异不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆AKP活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重均呈正相关 ,总相关系数均达极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1) ,与料重比呈负相关 ,相关不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GOT活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重、料重比相关趋势不一致 ,总相关系数不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GPT活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重基本上呈负相关 ,?     

乌骨鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量

以乌骨鸡(泰和鸡)为主要研究对象，以白耳鸡、罗曼蛋鸡、石歧杂、康达尔黄鸡、爱拔益加为对照，测定了其肌肉肌苷酸的含量。结果表明，在测定的鸡种中，乌骨鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量最高，爱拔益加最低；随着品种体重的增大，肌肉肌苷酸的含量有下降的趋势；各品种鸡体重与肌肉肌苷酸有一负相关的迹象。     

不同类型鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量分析和比较

试验以乌骨鸡（泰和鸡）、白耳鸡、罗曼蛋鸡、石岐杂、康达尔黄鸡、爱拔益加（AA）为对照组,测定其肌肉肌苷酸的含量。试验结果表明,乌骨鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量最高,AA鸡最低,随着鸡种体重的增大,肌肉肌苷酸的含量下降,鸡种的体重与肌肉肌苷酸呈负相关。     

部分地方鸡种肤色伴性遗传观察

试验对泰和鸡、仙居鸡、固始鸡、北京油鸡、萧山鸡、狼山鸡 (N系 )进行肤色伴性遗传观察。结果表明 :泰和鸡常染色体上含有一对黑色素基因“PP” ,仙居鸡、萧山鸡、北京油鸡性染色体上含有“Id”基因 ,狼山鸡、固始鸡、泰和鸡性染色体上含有“id”基因 ,泰和鸡与含有“Id”基因鸡种 (仙居鸡、萧山鸡、北京油鸡 )杂交 ,F1代肤色能自别雌雄 ,公鸡为黄皮肤 ,母鸡为黑皮肤     

家禽雌性生殖道对属间异种精子运行和存活时间影响的研究

鸡和鹌鹑形态上有很大差异 ,且鹌鹑精液在体外的存活时时间很短 ,大约 (12± 4 )min。为了深入地研究鸡与鹌鹑的属间杂交 ,研究通过鸡 (♂ )×鹌鹑 (♀ )正交和鹌鹑 (♂ )×鸡 (♀ )反交人工授精试验 ,对输入精液后每隔 1,4 ,7,9h解剖母禽观察其生殖道结构、电导率及其内分泌的酸碱度。结果表明 :鸡和鹌鹑生殖道分泌物 pH值、电导、长度都有很大差异。通过显微观察 ,鸡 (♂ )×鹌鹑 (♀ )正交及鹌鹑 (♂ )×鸡 (♀ )反交后 ,其精子在体内的存活时间长于 1h ,鹌鹑精液大大长于在体外的存活时间 ,精子能在 1h后到达漏斗部。     

黄羽鹌鹑与其自别雌雄配套系杂种生产性能比较

通过测定纯系黄羽鹌鹑及其 3种自别雌雄配套系黄羽 (♂ )×栗羽 (♀ ) ,黄羽 (♂ )×白羽 (♀ ) ,白羽 (♂ )×黄羽(♀ )杂种的种蛋孵化成绩、生长发育状况和产蛋性能 ,表明纯系黄羽鹌鹑与其 3种杂交组合的杂种之间受精蛋的孵化率、健雏率、生长发育状况和产蛋性能差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。纯系黄羽鹌鹑及其杂种的产蛋高峰期为 16～ 2 4周龄 ,产蛋率在 90 %以上 ;10～ 36周龄的产蛋率在 80 %以上。     

肌苷酸合成酶系3个基因对白耳鸡胸肌肌苷酸含量的遗传效应

GPAT、AIRC和PURH基因作为肌苷酸合成过程中的酶系基因,它们对鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量均具有显著的效应.为了进一步验证这3个基因对肌苷酸含量的遗传效应,本研究以白耳鸡为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP和测序相结合的方法,分析了这3个基因的单基因以及合并基因型对鸡胸肌肌苷酸含量的影响.结果表明:GPAT、AIRC和PURH基因均对白耳鸡胸肌肌苷酸含量的差异产生影响,均与鸡肌肉IMP含量存在显著关联(P<0.05),这3个位点可作为影响鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量的分子标记;合并基因型的遗传效应要高于最优秀的单个基因型效应.因此,可以利用合并基因型对鸡的肉质风味性状进行标记辅助选择.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。