玉米蛋白粉营养价值评定及其评定技术的研究

试验选用6头平均体重(50.9±2.73)kg生长猪,应用套算法(The Difference Method),采用全消化道收粪技术,按6×6拉丁方试验设计,测定玉米蛋白粉的氮(N)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、干物质(DM)、总能(GE)和消化能(DE)及其表观消化率,待测原料包括4种不同粗蛋白质含量的玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%,CGM).4种玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%)的表观消化能分别为4234、4029、4023和4244 kcal/kg,氮表观消化率分别为92.3%～96.3%;总能表观消化率分别为79.7%～89.7%;干物质表观消化率分别为82.7%～88.0%(P＜0.05).加工工艺影响玉米蛋白粉的养分表观消化率.采用套算法测定玉米蛋白粉的养分消化率,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量.     

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)营养价值评定和评定技术的研究

试验选用 6头平均体重为 5 0 .9± 2 .73kg的生长猪 ,应用套算法 (the difference method) ,采用全消化道收粪技术 ,试验按 6× 6拉丁方设计 ,测定 4种玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 (corn distillers dried grains with solubles,DDGS)的氮 (N)、中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维 (ADF)、干物质 (DM)、总能 (GE)和消化能 (DE)及其表观消化率。 4种 DDGS(CP30 %、CP2 7%、CP2 6 %和 CP2 5 % )的表观消化能分别为 35 80、345 6、35 6 8和 35 2 3kcal/ kg;氮表观消化率为 6 6 .0 %～ 76 .0 % ;中性洗涤纤维表观消化率为 6 0 .6 %～ 76 .6 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ;酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率 91.0 %～ 94 .8% (P<0 .0 5 ) ;总能表观消化率为 6 1.0 %～6 7.7% ;干物质表观消化率为 75 .4 %～ 79.5 % (P<0 .0 5 )。DDGS的总能和中性洗涤纤维消化率相关系数为 0 .6 8;粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率相关系数为 0 .73。加工工艺影响 DDGS的养分表观消化率。采用套算法测定 DDGS的养分消化率 ,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量。     

不同营养水平对保育期美系长白猪养分利用的研究

试验以美系长白猪(20±1)kg为试验动物,采用4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验设计,研究不同营养水平对20～40 kg美系长白猪养分消化率的影响.结果表明:1)能量水平对干物质、粗蛋白、磷和粗脂肪表观消化率有极显著影响,对粗纤维和钙表观消化率有显著影响,对能量表观消化率差异不显著;2)不同粗蛋白水平对粗蛋白表观消化率有显著影响,对粗脂肪表观消化率有极显著影响;3)不同钙水平对粗蛋白和钙表观消化率有显著影响,对其他养分表观消化率影响不显著;4)不同磷水平对干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪表观消化率有显著影响,对粗灰分、钙和磷表观消化率有极显著影响.从各养分消化率分析看, 养分消化方面最佳的营养水平为,能量14.23 MJ/kg、粗蛋白19.50 %、钙0.80 %和磷0.60 %.     

日粮中添加葡萄渣和葡萄籽对小尾寒羊成年母羊表观消化率的影响

选择21只出生时间相近,健康的成年母羊且平均体重差异不显著(P0.05),随机分为7组,每组3只。在相同的饲养管理条件下进行饲喂试验、消化试验,来探讨日粮中添加不同剂量的葡萄渣(8%、16%、24%)和葡萄籽(8%、16%、24%)对成年小尾寒羊表观消化率的影响。试验结果表明:第二组(8%的葡萄渣)的粗蛋白和能量的表观消化率明显高于其他各组,且分别为57.20%和68.85%。     

新美系杜洛克在生长期适宜营养水平的研究

试验采用四因素三水平的L(934)正交试验设计,研究不同营养水平对新美系杜洛克在生长期生产性能及营养物质表观消化率的影响,从而探索其适宜的营养水平。结果表明:①在该试验条件下,能量水平对该阶段杜洛克的料重比有显著的影响(P0.05);蛋白水平对其生产性能均未达到显著影响(P0.05);钙、磷水平对生长期新美系杜洛克日采食量的影响达到了显著差异(P0.05)。②能量水平对生长期新美系杜洛克总能的表观消化率达到显著影响(P0.05),总能和粗蛋白质的表观消化率随着能量水平的提高而递增。蛋白水平对其粗蛋白的表观消化率达到显著影响(P0.05)。钙、磷水平对粗蛋白的表观消化率达到极显著影响(P0.01)。这表明,在生长阶段新美系杜洛克适宜的消化能为15.1MJ/kg,粗蛋白为18.65%,钙为1.5%和磷为0.75%;     

饲料桑粉对生长育肥猪的营养价值评定

选取健康、胎次一致的杜长大三元杂交去势公猪6头,采用全收粪法进行消化试验,测定生长育肥猪对饲料桑粉的各常规营养成分的表观消化率和消化能,确定饲料桑粉对生长育肥猪的营养价值。结果表明,饲料桑粉的总能、总能表观消化率和表观消化能分别为15.70MJ/kg、68.04%和10.66MJ/kg;粗蛋白质含量、表观消化率和可消化粗蛋白质分别为20.04%,76.49%,15.33%;粗脂肪含量、表观消化率和可消化粗脂肪分别为3.55%,29.77%,1.06%;粗纤维含量、表观消化率和可消化粗纤维分别为17.18%,31.52%,5.41%;无氮浸出物含量、表观消化率和可消化无氮浸出物分别为36.64%,81.91%,33.08%。结果提示,饲料桑粉是一种营养价值较高的饲料资源。     

精料比例对皖南牛粗饲料采食量和日粮养分表观消化率的影响

本试验研究精料比例对皖南牛粗饲料采食量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。30头去势的体重相近的18月龄皖南牛,随机分成5组,各组根据体重的1.9%、1.6%、1.3%、1.0%和0.7%补充精料,通过饲养试验和消化试验测定粗饲料采食量和日粮养分表观消化率。结果表明:皖南牛的粗饲料采食量随着精料饲喂量的减少而增加,总的干物质采食量(DMI)随着精料饲喂量的减少而降低;日粮的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和总能(GE)的表观消化率随着精料饲喂量的减少而降低;日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率随着精料的减少先升后降,精料饲喂量占体重1.0%的组的NDF和ADF表观消化率最高,分别为60.48%和57.07%。     

白酒糟的营养价值评定

选取12头平均体重40 kg DLY杂交猪随机分为3组,每组按4×4拉丁方设计,应用套算法,全消化道收粪技术,测定9种白酒糟粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、总磷、干物质和总能的表观消化率。结果表明:白酒糟消化能为5.04～8.94 MJ/kg;各营养成分表观消化率分别为粗蛋白29.00%～42.60%、粗脂肪35.21%～72.48%、粗纤维13.39%～24.04%、中性洗涤纤维14.76%～36.24%、酸性洗涤纤维21.64%～32.07%、钙77.50%～85.92%、总磷61.98%～76.70%、干物质25.05%～45.13%、总能31.27%～52.16%。总之,白酒糟营养丰富,来源对其养分含量及表观消化率影响大。     

生长期西藏白绒山羊能量和蛋白质需要量研究

为了确定生长期西藏白绒山羊的能量、蛋白质需要量,本研究以24只体重相近、健康状况良好的3月龄西藏绒山羊母羊为研究对象,按消化能和粗蛋白两因子2×3水平的试验设计随机分为6组,进行为期90d的饲养试验和14d的消化代谢试验。结果表明:(1)日粮能量水平可显著增加试验羊的日增重(P0.05);日粮蛋白水平对末期体重、日增重和干物质采食量均有极显著影响(P0.01);日粮能量和蛋白水平对日增重和干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(P0.05)。(2)日粮蛋白水平可极显著地影响氮代谢(P0.01);日粮能量和蛋白水平仅对粪氮有显著的互作效应。(3)日粮能量水平对食入总能、甲烷能、总能消化率和总能代谢率有显著影响(P0.05);日粮蛋白水平对甲烷能、总能消化率和总能代谢率有显著影响(P0.05);日粮能量和蛋白水平对食入总能、甲烷能、总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率有显著的互作效应(P0.05)。因此,生长期西藏白绒山羊日粮适宜的消化能和代谢能水平分别为11.09～12.03MJ/kg和9.42～10.13MJ/kg,适宜的粗蛋白和可消化粗蛋白水平分别为10.35%～11.29%和5.74%～6.47%。     

猪脱酚棉籽蛋白能量及粗蛋白质消化率的比较评定

研究旨在评定猪对脱酚棉籽消化能和粗蛋白表观消化率,并比较脱酚棉籽蛋白(DCP)与豆粕(SBM)之间差异。选用体重(36.2±1.6)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪6头,采用套算法、双3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验日粮分别为脱酚棉籽蛋白日粮、豆粕日粮和基础日粮,每个拉丁方阶段包括5 d预饲期、5 d正式期,整个试验共30 d。结果表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕消化能含量分别为12.41 MJ/kg、13.62 MJ/kg。脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕中粗蛋白表观消率化分别为73.35%、82.05%,表观可消化粗蛋白含量分别为37.92%、35.45%。脱酚棉籽蛋白是新型蛋白质原料,其消化能含量为豆粕的91.11%,粗蛋白表观消率化为豆粕的89.39%,可消化粗蛋白含量为豆粕的106.99%。脱酚棉籽蛋白在猪饲料中的应用具有广阔的前景。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

野生桑二倍体、六倍体的杂交结实性及种子成苗能力研究

用野生桑 12份、栽培桑品种 6个选配不同类型、不同倍数性的远缘杂交组合 32个 ,研究远缘杂交的结实性和成苗能力。试验结果表明 :野生桑二倍体×栽培种二倍体的成籽率、成苗率优于野生桑六倍体×栽培种二倍体的成籽率和成苗率 ;栽培种二倍体×野生桑二倍体的成籽率、成苗率优于栽培种二倍体×野生桑六倍体的成籽率和成苗率 ;栽培种×野生桑的成籽率、成苗率优于野生桑×栽培种的成籽率和成苗率