麝地方流行性肺炎病原分离鉴定及防治研究

１９８５年以来，从麝地方流行性肺炎的３３个病死麝肺中分离得到１８株霉形体。菌体呈以环状为主的多形态；菌落无中心，经Ｄｉｅｎｅｓ染色，菌落中心呈深蓝色；其生长需要胆固醇，能产生过氧化氢，分解葡萄糖，但不分解精氨酸和尿素，氯化四氮唑还原反应呈阳性。生长抑制试验证实，分离的霉形体其生长均能被其中的１０号代表菌株抗体所抑制（表明为同种），但该抗体不能抑制猪肺炎霉形体Ｚ、绵羊肺炎霉形体Ｙ９８、絮状霉形体、殊异霉形体、丝状霉形体丝状亚种Ｃ８８、丝状霉形体山羊亚种Ｃ８７、猪鼻霉形体ＢＴＳ－７、禽败血霉形体Ｓ６和无乳霉形体（表明为异种）。药敏试验结果，分离菌株对枝原净高度敏感，土霉素中度敏感，氯霉素低度敏感，红霉素和链霉素不敏感。研究证明，麝地方流行性肺炎的原发性病原为麝肺炎霉形体，继发病原为绿脓杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌和肺炎双球菌等。该病用枝原净等治疗后Ｘ光胸透证明，治愈率达９０％。     

绵羊肺炎霉形体单克隆抗体的研制初步应用

用绵羊肺炎霉素形体抗原免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，融合其脾细胞和ＳＰ２／Ｏ骨髓瘤细胞，筛选出６株分泌抗ＭＯ的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系。用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３株ＭｃＡｂ特异性分析，该ＭｃＡｂ只特异地与ＭＯ抗原发反应，而不与猪肺炎霉素形体、山羊无乳症霉形体抗原发生反应。     

从山羊分离出绵羊肺炎霉形体的报告

本文报道从辽宁、河北、甘肃等地区送检的13份疑似山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病料(肺、淋巴结、胸水)中,分离到13株霉形体,经鉴定12株为绵羊肺炎霉形体(M.ovipneumoniae)、1株为精氨酸霉形体(M.arginini)。从12株绵羊肺炎霉形体中选用辽宁源LG株、河北源HG株和甘肃源GG株进行了动物回归试验,结果人工感染的6只健康山羊肺部产生的病变与自然发病送检的病羊肺的病理变化一致,从病肺中均可重新分离到绵羊肺炎霉形体。证明上述地区山羊群或山羊和绵羊混合群中流行的肺炎是由绵羊肺炎霉形体所致。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎血清学调查

用微量间接血凝试验（ＭＩＨＡ）对广西七个地区共１６３７头份山羊血清进行羊肺炎支原体抗体的检测,结果阳性反应５３头份,阳性率为３．２％,仅在百色地区的２个羊群发现阳性,阳性率分别为６９．４％和７０．０％;并对其中的１２３９头份山羊血清进行了丝状支原体山羊亚种抗体的检测,结果阳性１３头,阳性率为１．０５％,仅在百色地区的１个羊群发现阳性,阳性率为３０．２５％,该羊群发现同时栓出两种支原体。首次从血清学     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎诊治

<正>1病原引起本病的病原主要有丝状支原体山羊亚种、山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种、丝状支原体丝状亚种和绵羊肺炎支原体。该类支原体均为细小的多形性微生物,革兰氏染色呈阴性,用姬姆萨氏法、卡斯坦奈达氏法或美蓝染色法着色良好。2流行病学自然条件下,丝状支原体山羊亚种只感染山羊,以感染3岁以下的山羊为多,绵羊肺炎     

山羊羔的霉形体病

从一群6月龄患肺炎的183只山羊羔中收集鼻拭子;自死亡的山羊羔收集了37份气管拭子和肺组织样品。共分离了45株霉形体(Mycoplasma):11株(24.4%)是丝状霉形体丝状亚种,9株(20%)是无乳霉形体,3     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎PG3组织灭活苗的研制

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎是山羊发展的大敌,其病原为支原体（亦称霉形体Mycopiasma）,是一种接触性传染病。该病的发生给养羊业造成极大的损失和威胁,对山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的免疫苗,目前国内只有中国农科院兰州兽科所定点生产,而该苗主要是预防绵羊肺炎支原体Y98引起的山羊传染性胸膜肺炎,而对丝状支原体山羊亚种PG3引起的山羊传染性胸膜肺炎无预防作用,为保障我省养羊业的健康发展,2000年,我们利用在我省罗甸县分离培养鉴定的丝状支原体山羊亚种PG3贵州地方株进行了山羊传染性胸膜肺炎组织灭活苗的研制,报告于下。     

一起山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的诊治

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎又称烂肺病,由丝状霉形体山羊亚种引起山羊特有的高度接触性传染病。     

山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病原分离与鉴定

本试验从传染性胸膜肺炎的山羊体内分离获得两株支原体Y1和Y2，通过病原分离、形态学观察、生化试验、HA、生长抑制试验和代谢抑制试验等试验，证实Y1和Y2的形态与培养特性、生化反应特性和血清学特性分别与模式株丝状支原体山羊亚种PG3和绵羊支原体Y98相接近；动物回归试验成功复制出山羊传染性胸膜肺炎的典型临床症状和病理剖解变化。结果表明Y1和Y2分别为丝状支原体山羊亚种和绵羊支原体。     

抗绵羊肺炎支原体单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立

用绵羊肺炎支原体（ＭＯ）抗原免疫的ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠，取血清抗体阳性免疫鼠的脾细胞与ＳＰ２／Ｏ细胞在聚乙二醇作用下进行融合，产生杂交瘤细胞、用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法对杂交瘤细胞生长孔上清液进行检测，筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞株．以有限稀释法克隆１～２次，得到６株分泌抗绵羊肺炎支原体抗原的单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）杂交瘤细胞株．选择抗体分泌较高的１４Ａ６、７Ａ２７、Ｂ３８进行了较详细的研究，结果表明，其核内染色体数为９４～９６．抗体属性是：１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ、２株为ＩｇＧ１．用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法对３株ＭｃＡｂ作符异性分析、该ＭｃＡｂ只特异地与绵羊肺炎支原体抗原发生反应，而不与猪肺炎支原体、山羊无乳症支原体抗原发生反应．将杂交瘤细胞注射ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠诱生腹水．其抗体效价提高１００倍．杂交瘤细胞在液氮中保存１～２年后复苏仍能稳定地分泌抗绵羊肺炎支原体ＭｃＡｂ。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.