介绍几种走禽(续)

美洲鸵又称(耒鸟)(奥鸟) 产于南美洲巴西、玻利维亚至阿根廷,是走禽中体型较小的一种,体重约20公斤,它没有尾羽,喜群居生活,数拾只为一群,2岁成熟产卵。繁殖期常是1只雄鸟带着5只左右的雌鸟进行繁殖。雌鸟隔日产一蛋,蛋重约500克,壳呈鲜桔黄色。雌鸟们把蛋产在一个公共巢穴内,以至一个窝内往往有     

鸟中的女当家——黄脚三趾鹑

看去其貌不扬,拳头大小,脚黄色,仅具三个前脚趾,鸟类学家送给了她一个美名——黄脚三趾鹑;论排行到有点小名气,是鹤的远房姊妹。黄脚三趾鹑形态和习性都较为奇特,雌鸟大于雄鸟、颜色也较雄鸟俏丽几分,黄脚三趾鹑平日里姊妹们和睦相处,但当春暖花开时节,雌鸟彼此之间以失往日和气,为争夺雄鸟往往展开一场生死决斗,这种决斗常常打得头破血流难分难解,直到一方服输为止。获胜的雌鸟这才昂首挺胸带领她抢来的一群“丈夫”,在她早已占领的地盘欢度新婚蜜月,雌鸟产完卵,严然以当家自居,什么都不愿干,就连孵卵抚育幼儿这等大事也推给她一群丈夫。     

圈养下一对血雉繁殖期行为的初步观察

2011年5～6月,对北京动物园1对圈养血雉进行了18 d、共90 h的行为观察。观察期间采用连续观察法在每天4个特定时间段,观察记录了10种4916次行为。这1对血雉在特定时间段内各行为时间分配规律为:雄鸟:警戒(28.17%)、进食(26.40%)、梳羽(15.64%)、行走(12.96%)、休息(2.50%)、沙浴(1.60%)、鸣叫(0.19%)、炫耀(0.04%)、其他(12.52%);雌鸟:进食(32.96%)、梳羽(20.05%)、行走(12.96%)、休息(7.00%)、进巢(5.71%)、沙浴(2.96%)、鸣叫(0.11%)、其他(21.17%)。雄鸟进食行为出现次数最多,警戒行为持续时间最长;雌鸟进食行为出现次数最多,且持续时间最长。繁殖期间雄鸟求偶炫耀行为有侧面型与正面型2种炫耀行为,侧面型炫耀行为也表示对领地占有:雌鸟有待交配行为;完整的交配过程有固定的模式,一般持续30～40 s。圈养下提供与栖息地近似的环境,有利于血雉表现出与野外相似的行为。     

我国珍稀保护动物鸟类(十一)——鸡形目(七)

铜鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae) 属雉科(Phasianidae)英名为 Chinese CopperPheasant 或 Lady Amherst,s Pheasant。它们又叫白腹锦鸡、笱鸡、衾鸡、箐鸡、小凤凰鸡,藏语叫鸟林、垅宗、打鼓,僳僳语叫庄七、尖冲。体长雄鸟约1,300—1.700毫米,雌鸟约630—800毫米。本种主要特征是:雉鸟头颈无肉冠,尾显呈凸尾     

圈养红嘴巨嘴鸟夏季日行为时间分配和活动节律的研究

<正>红嘴巨嘴鸟(Ramphastos tucanus)是一种中型攀禽,外形略似犀鸟,身长55~60 cm,雄鸟的喙比雌鸟更长一些。红嘴巨嘴鸟分布在巴西、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等多个南美洲国家,主要栖息于海拔1 700 m以下的低地雨林中,有时也会出现在有稀疏树木的空旷地上。红嘴巨嘴鸟杂食性,以果实、种子和昆虫为食。目前国内尚未有对红嘴巨嘴鸟的研究,也无可供查询的关于其行为节律方面的信息。国外AZA和     

我国珍稀保护动物 鸟类(十) 鸡形目(六)

黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)属雉科,英名为 Black-necked Bar-tailed pheasant 又叫地花鸡。体长雄鸟为960毫米,雌鸟约500毫米。本种主要特征是雄鸟冠羽橄榄褐色;上背栗色,下背和腰杂以黑白横斑;颈侧铜蓝色;腹和两胁均栗色。雌鸟的喉和前颈均非黑色或棕黄色;体羽一般为黄褐色以至棕褐色。     

黑龙江省东部山地白腹蓝姬鹟繁殖行为初步研究

为了解白腹蓝姬鹟的繁殖行为特点,于2004—2012年5—6月份试验采用瞬时扫描取样法、焦点动物观察法、全事件记录法,在黑龙江省海林市威虎山影视基地对白腹蓝姬鹟(Cyanoptila cyanomelana)的繁殖行为进行观察。结果表明:白腹蓝姬鹟5月末6月初开始营巢,巢为开放式碗状,巢材主要为苔藓。窝卵数为5~6枚,与巢高呈极显著正相关(r=0.948,P0.01)。孵卵任务主要由雌鸟承担,孵化期为12~13 d,平均孵化率为(88.89±11.11)%,卵未孵化的主要原因是未受精。育雏前期,日坐巢时间累计达到256~305 min,平均巢内温度为(33.79±1.06)℃,双亲共同育雏,以雌性为主,喂食模式有三种,即雌鸟喂食、雄鸟喂食、雄鸟将食物交给雌鸟再由雌鸟喂食。食物大多为鳞翅目幼虫,雏鸟喂食次数与日龄呈极显著正相关(r=0.969,P0.01)。亲鸟每日喂食总次数为96.67±10.32,雌、雄亲鸟日喂食次数差异显著(t=3.245,P0.05)。喂食频次大多呈双峰型,喂食高峰主要在07:00—09:00、15:00—17:00,喂食次数受外界干扰影响。雏鸟为晚成鸟,平均成活率为(66.67±21.08)%,主要损失原因来自天敌(占71.43%)。警戒行为以雄性为主。     

动物趣事

在我国西双版纳原始森林中有一种相貌奇特的犀鸟。每年1～10月份的繁殖季节，雌鸟飞入树洞里，雄鸟衔来湿土混合用果实残渣，将树洞堵得严严实实．接着又用它那大而灵巧的嘴将洞壁糊得平整光滑，只留个通气的小孔，以避免松鼠和蛇等敌害的袭击。雌鸟在洞里安心地产蛋，只能把嘴从小孔伸出洞外取食。在这段时间里，雄鸟每天四处奔波，负起“养家糊口”的重任。特别是小鸟出壳后，雄鸟更是早出晚归，废寝忘食，十分辛苦。直到幼鸟长出羽毛并能独立行走时，雄鸟才放心地把洞打开。当雌鸟和幼鸟长得又肥又胖时，雄鸟已变得憔悴不堪了。在企鹅家…     

南非克鲁格斯多普禁猎区珠鸡的社群组织

1982年3月至1984年2月,在南非豪登省的克鲁格斯多普禁猎区(Krugersdorp Game Reserve),通过翼标观察对珠鸡(Numida meleagris)的社群组织进行了研究.珠鸡必须以社群的方式才能在野外存活,而集群(7-10只珠鸡)并非随机组成.地位最高的雄鸟(雄鸟A)是群体日常活动的核心,例如决定觅食方向等.地位较高的雄鸟(雄鸟A和B)密切协作以驱赶闯入者.在繁殖期,繁殖雌鸟与高地位雄鸟的结合更为紧密.尽管雄鸟中存在明显的等级差异,但群内争斗频率很低,这些争斗只是在维系群体稳定时才发生.雌性成鸟始终位于优势雄鸟和亚成体之间,以免受天敌伤害.但优势雄鸟与其配偶暂时离开群体进行繁殖时,次优势雄鸟(雄鸟B)成为集群中心,其余个体聚集在其周围以保持集群的稳定.大多数成鸟都协助抚育优势雄鸟的雏鸟.珠鸡的集群具有监视天敌的作用,以保障其在地表植被有限的环境中觅食并在冬季最大限度地获得食物.     

宠鸟品种推荐——文鸟

文鸟又叫灰文鸟,灰芙蓉、禾雀、白芙蓉. (一)鸟的特点: 文鸟体长13-14厘米,头部、喉部和尾部均为黑色.两额有白色大斑,眼的周围有红色眼圈,喙呈淡红色.背部及翅为苍灰色,腹部浅红色.在人工培养下全身羽毛白色,花斑的变种.雌雄基本上同色,但雄鸟咀峰弧度大,雌鸟咀峰弧度小,差别比较明显.此外雄成鸟善鸣,并喜欢在栖木上跳跃,雌成鸟羽色较暗淡,雏鸟很难分出雌雄.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.