三种佐剂对鸡体液免疫影响的比较

佐剂是疫苗的重要组成部分,不同佐剂对体液免疫会产生不同的作用.选择合适的佐剂不仅可以增强疫苗的免疫效果,而且可以提高机体的抵抗力.本试验选用白油佐剂、弗氏佐剂和蜂胶佐剂分别与灭活的新城疫病毒制成疫苗,免疫雏鸡,探讨不同佐剂对鸡体液免疫的影响.结果表明,试验组鸡抗体水平高,饲养至61日龄均未发生新城疫,其中弗氏佐剂的效果最好,蜂胶佐剂的效果次之,油佐剂的效果最次.     

银杏叶多糖对传染性法氏囊超强毒灭活疫苗的免疫调节作用

用改进水提醇沉法提取银杏叶多糖。用灭活的传染性法氏囊超强毒(vvIBDV)GX8/99细胞适应株分别制备不同质量浓度(40,20,10 g/L)银杏叶多糖佐剂疫苗、弗氏不完全佐剂疫苗和无佐剂疫苗。360只SPF公雏鸡随机均分为6组,其中5组SPF鸡分别免疫上述5种疫苗,另外1组SPF鸡不免疫作为阴性对照。检测IL-2和IFN-γ分泌量、血清抗体、外周血淋巴细胞转化率、外周血CD4^+和CD8^+T淋巴细胞数量等用来评价疫苗的免疫效果。38日龄进行攻毒试验,评价疫苗的保护效果。结果显示,银杏叶多糖佐剂疫苗组各免疫指标均显著高于弗氏佐剂和无佐剂疫苗组(P<0.05);40 g/L银杏叶多糖佐剂疫苗组免疫效果最好,但与20 g/L银杏叶多糖佐剂疫苗组差异不明显,并且2组攻毒保护率无显著性差异。结果表明,银杏叶多糖作为vvIBDV疫苗佐剂具有良好的免疫促进作用,且20 g/L的银杏叶多糖即可达到最佳效果。     

不同免疫增强剂对禽戊型肝炎病毒ORF2蛋白的免疫效果分析

为研究不同免疫增强剂对禽戊型肝炎病毒（aHEV）ORF2蛋白的免疫效果影响，研究通过大肠杆菌原核表达系统表达aHEV ORF2蛋白，纯化后与弗氏佐剂按1∶1等体积混合制备亚单位疫苗。将90只1日龄SPF雏鸡随机分成6组，每组15只。ORF2蛋白组单纯免疫YT-ORF2蛋白，ORF2蛋白+弗氏佐剂组免疫YT-ORF2蛋白+弗氏佐剂，AB101组免疫YT-ORF2蛋白+弗氏佐剂+AB101,AB106组免疫YT-ORF2蛋白+弗氏佐剂+AB106,AB506组免疫YT-ORF2蛋白+弗氏佐剂+AB506，空白对照组免疫生理盐水，分别在21、28、42日龄三次免疫SPF鸡。采用ELISA和间接免疫荧光检测不同免疫组SPF鸡的aHEV抗体水平，通过流式细胞仪检测CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞水平，荧光定量PCR检测IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ 3种细胞因子表达情况，并测定体重和器官发育指数。结果显示：原核表达获得分子量为72 ku的ORF2蛋白，AB106组产生的抗体水平极显著高于其他各组（P<0.01）,AB106和AB506免疫增强剂可引起CD4+和CD8+T细胞比重显著增加并上调I...     

细菌DNA对小鼠接种犬细小病毒灭活苗的免疫增强效果

用大肠杆菌 DNA、弗氏佐剂、铝胶、蜂胶等不同佐剂 ,与犬细小病毒灭活疫苗配合免疫小鼠 ,以血凝抑制试验检测病毒特异性血凝抑制抗体。结果表明 ,各佐剂均能增强特异性抗体的产生 ,经组间单因素相关性分析 ,细菌 DNA与弗氏佐剂的免疫增强效果明显高于铝胶与蜂胶 (P <0 .0 5或 P <0 .0 1)。细菌 DNA具有强烈免疫刺激作用、无不良反应等特性 ,可望作为疫苗佐剂应用     

肉豆蔻酰乙醛亚硫酸钠对新城疫疫苗Clone30的免疫佐剂作用

目的:以Al(OH)3、蜂胶为阳性对照,检测肉豆蔻酰乙醛亚硫酸钠(HOU-C14)对新城疫疫苗(Clone30)的免疫佐剂活性.方法:将不同佐剂与新城疫疫苗配合制成佐剂苗注射免疫10日龄雏鸡,测定血清中特异抗体效价、淋巴细胞ANAE+百分率的变化.结果:与空白对照组相比,3种佐剂疫苗均能有效的提高ND-HI抗体效价、淋巴细胞ANAE+百分率,并且体重都正常增加;与阳性对照相比,HOU-C14的各项指标均高于Al(OH)3佐剂组、蜂胶佐剂组.结论:HOU-C14能明显地增强疫苗的免疫活性,安全性好,对雏鸡的生长无不良影响,是一种具有开发前景的新型的免疫佐剂.     

乳酸杆菌DNA对鸡新城疫油苗和禽流感油苗免疫增强作用的研究

本试验提取乳酸杆菌L.caseiZhang的DNA作佐剂,按每只鸡100ug剂量添加到新城疫油苗及禽流感病毒H5亚型油苗中。新城疫和禽流感试验分别设空白对照组(Ⅰ组)、无佐剂疫苗组(Ⅱ组)、细菌核酸佐剂组(Ⅲ组)、弗氏完全佐剂组(Ⅳ组)、弗氏完全佐剂核酸免疫协同组(Ⅴ组)5组进行免疫,分别于15和28日龄首免,两周后二免。二免后每周采样用血凝及血凝抑制法检测血清抗体水平,并用MTT法检测脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果显示,添加核酸组鸡HI抗体和T淋巴细胞增殖反应均极显著高于单独免疫疫苗组(P<0.01);而免疫组均极显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01);细菌核酸组HI抗体略高于弗氏完全佐剂组,但T淋巴细胞转化率极显著高于弗氏完全佐剂组(P<0.01);同时弗氏完全佐剂核酸免疫协同组与核酸组无显著性差异。由此得出,乳酸杆菌L.caseiZhangDNA对新城疫油苗和禽流感病毒H5亚型油苗具有免疫增强作用;乳酸杆菌L.caseiZhangDNA与弗氏完全佐剂无明显的免疫协同作用。     

仔鸡新城疫免疫程序的比较试验

依据ＨＩ抗体水平的检测和攻毒试验，比较了雏鸡新城疫免疫程序的效果。４种程序免疫的雏鸡５０日龄对强毒攻击均得到完全保护。对有一定母原ＨＩ抗体水平雏鸡，于孵出出后次日用Ⅱ系疫苗加灭活油佐剂疫苗免疫或４倍剂量Ⅱ系疫苗免疫，均优于仅用油佐剂苗免疫或１０日龄和２０日龄用Ⅱ系疫苗次免疫。     

甲壳素、油乳剂和蜂胶对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫调节作用的研究

本实验以肉用AA雏鸡和蛋用罗曼雏鸡为实验动物,从细胞免疫和体液免疫首次研究了甲壳素对鸡新城疫疫苗的免疫调节作用,并与油乳剂和蜂胶佐剂加以比较,以观察不同免疫佐剂对鸡新城疫的免疫调节作用.试验结果表明,三种佐剂的疫苗在肉鸡组免疫后5～10 d,蛋鸡组免疫后5～15 d,甲壳素疫苗组HI抗体效价显著高于其它组;在肉鸡组免疫后15～37 d,蛋鸡组免疫后22～50 d,油乳剂疫苗组HI抗体效价显著高于其它组.用三种不同佐剂的疫苗免疫后,肉鸡和蛋鸡甲壳素疫苗组的细胞免疫水平显著高于其它组.     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫生殖细胞特异性蛋白的免疫保护效果评价

为探讨鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)生殖细胞特异性蛋白(HAP2)对球虫感染的免疫保护作用,将HAP2重组蛋白(rEtHAP2)加弗氏完全佐剂或弗氏不完全佐剂免疫雏鸡后,用E. tenella孢子化卵囊感染雏鸡,以雏鸡增重效果、卵囊排出量、肠道病变记分、血清抗体水平、淋巴细胞转化水平,评估rEtHAP2的免疫保护作用,并设PBS免疫对照组、正常饲养对照组。结果显示:rEtHAP2免疫组雏鸡的平均体重、日增重、血清抗体水平、淋巴细胞转化水平,均显著高于PBS免疫对照组(P0.05);卵囊排出量,肠道病变记分则显著低于PBS免疫对照组(P0.05);抗球虫指数ACI值为176.18,保护效果良好。研究表明生殖细胞特异性蛋白HAP2对柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染具有良好的免疫保护作用,可成为柔嫩艾美耳球虫新型疫苗的候选抗原。     

适用于蛋鸡免疫的猪源ETEC菌毛蛋白佐剂的筛选

为筛选卵黄抗体的优良佐剂,以3株猪源致病性大肠杆菌(ETEC)菌毛蛋白为模式抗原,分别与6种佐剂制备多价菌毛蛋白疫苗,免疫海兰褐壳蛋鸡。结果显示,3次免疫后,所有试验组蛋鸡产蛋率均有不同程度下降,但SPA、ISCOMs、弗氏佐剂、蜂胶佐剂组的产蛋率下降程度较为轻微;对鸡体血清抗体和制备获得的卵黄抗体的效价检测结果均显示:SPA和ISCOMs组虽较SPB、SPC、弗氏佐剂组抗体水平略低,但持久度较好,且通过对蛋鸡外观形态和注射部位组织变化情况的观察显示,两者不会刺激鸡体热反应或炎症反应,无任何表观副作用。因此,更适合作为蛋鸡制备猪源ETEC卵黄抗体的优良佐剂。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.