1例拉布拉多犬口腔黑色素瘤的诊断与治疗

口腔恶性黑色素瘤是犬口腔内最常见的肿瘤类型,具有侵袭性强和远处转移率高的特点。口腔恶性黑色素瘤预后不良,多数患犬由于肿瘤的进展而死亡。文章报告了一例拉布拉多犬口腔黑色素瘤病例诊断和治疗过程。根据临床检查、细胞学检查、血常规和血液生化检查、影像学检查以及组织病理学检查结果,确诊该犬患有口腔黑色素瘤。采用氩氦刀冷冻消融术对患犬进行治疗。治疗后1周,患犬症状明显缓解。近期随访,患犬病情趋于稳定,口腔内未见肿瘤复发。     

犬黑色素瘤治疗研究进展

犬黑色素瘤是一种恶变率和转移率高的肿瘤,且多发生于口腔,由于疾病发展迅速,如果不尽早治疗,在疾病发展后期,患犬的生存期和生存质量会显著下降。另一方面,现有临床传统肿瘤治疗方法,如手术、化疗及放疗,对于犬黑色素瘤的治疗效果不尽如人意,且在实际应用中受限。论文通过结合人医和兽医黑色素瘤的研究进展,对目前关于犬黑色素瘤的免疫疗法、靶向治疗、细胞因子和溶瘤病毒等新型治疗方法进行总结及分析,期望能够对我国小动物临床应用和科研工作有所启发。     

犬黑色素瘤的诊断病例

犬最常见的口腔恶性肿瘤为恶性黑色素瘤,其发病率位于犬恶性肿瘤发病率的第4位[1].恶性黑色素瘤常发生在齿龈或口唇黏膜,是一种高度恶性预后较差的肿瘤,临床上以颌下淋巴结和肺部的转移率最高.     

一例犬口腔恶性黑色素瘤的病理组织学观察

恶性黑色素瘤是犬类恶性肿瘤中比较常见的一种,一旦发现,除手术治疗方法外无其他有效治疗方案,且易发生组织溃烂和癌细胞转移。笔者对一例11岁雄性可卡的口腔肿瘤进行病理组织切片染色,显微镜下观察到明显的黑色素肿瘤细胞,其大小不一,形状各异。该口腔肿瘤确诊为恶性黑色素瘤。希望为临床犬口腔恶性黑色素瘤的诊断提供参考资料。     

猪恶性黑色素瘤的病理学观察

<正>黑色素瘤是由能制造黑色素的细胞所生成的良性或恶性肿瘤。多见于浅毛色的马、犬与猪,其他动物也可发生。猪的黑色素瘤常为先天性的,多见于初生至9个月龄的猪,尤以初生仔猪多发,原发于皮肤,但也能发生于内脏器官,最常见的部位是躯体后部[1]。目前,国内报道猪黑色素瘤的临床病例较少见。2013年7月6日本学院教学动物医院接诊1例外观疑似出血性纤维瘤,后经病理组织学诊断为恶性黑色素瘤。兹将本病     

国际“嗅癌犬”的研究现状及应用前景

癌症是威胁人类生命健康最主要疾病之一,实现癌症早期诊断对于提高患者的存活率至关重要。然而目前癌症的早期诊断面临着临床诊断技术特异性和敏感性不高、诊断价格昂贵、群众参与度低等问题,因此发展新的无创、快速癌症早期诊断技术对降低癌症患者死亡率有着重要的意义。自上世纪九十年代报道犬可以诊断黑色素瘤以来,国际上对犬嗅诊癌症进行了大量的研究,结果显示癌症患者的人体代谢气味,如呼出气体、体液以及排泄物中含有健康人不具有的特异性挥发气味,犬可以通过嗅闻皮肤、呼出气味、尿液、体液、血液中的气味检测肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、黑色素瘤等。本文全面的总结了犬用于诊断癌症的理论依据、研究现状、面临的问题和应用前景等,为下一步嗅癌犬的研究提供参考。     

犬毛母质瘤的细胞学特征

犬毛母质瘤是皮肤基底细胞发生的良性肿瘤,在临床上非常罕见,占皮肤活检病例的1%,其细胞学特征主要为基底细胞和影细胞。人医在毛母质瘤细针穿刺细胞学检查在临床上有较高的诊断率,但笔者收治的一例犬毛母质瘤,有大量黑素颗粒和淋巴细胞,容易和黑色素瘤、转移性淋巴瘤混淆,从细胞学检查很难确定为毛母质瘤,组织病理学检查确定为毛母质瘤。     

非编码RNA作为犬肿瘤潜在生物标志物的研究进展

犬肿瘤性疾病是兽医临床上常发的一种疾病，发病率高且危害大，是造成犬死亡的重要原因之一，尤其是对中老年犬。为了更好地诊断、治疗犬肿瘤性疾病，识别潜在的生物标志物和治疗靶点具有重要意义。非编码RNA(non-coding RNA, ncRNA)是一类不编码蛋白质并具有众多功能的RNA分子，能够通过调节基因转录参与肿瘤细胞发生发展过程，有望成为犬肿瘤性疾病诊断与治疗的生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点。因此，本文针对非编码RNA在犬乳腺肿瘤、黑色素瘤以及骨肉瘤中的诊断价值及应用前景进行综述，以期为犬肿瘤的诊断、预防和治疗提供新思路。     

犬临床常见口腔肿瘤简述

近年来,肿瘤在犬中的发生率日益增高,而其中口腔肿瘤的发生比率在犬约占所有肿瘤的6%,犬恶性口腔肿瘤占犬肿瘤的5.3%[1]。有报道称口腔是犬猫临床第四大肿瘤易发部位[2],易早期侵犯临斤重要器官,如眼、颅底、颈部等。口腔肿瘤常给患犬带来痛苦,患犬表现出进食困难、口周疼痛、牙齿松动、口腔异味、流涎,继而导致体重丢失,严重者会发生持续性或周期性的口腔出血,有时肿瘤占位较大,可见面部不对称,以及咬合不正等等。口腔肿瘤中恶性肿瘤犬的发病率要比猫高2.5倍[2],其中最常见的有恶性黑色素瘤、纤维肉瘤以及鳞状细胞癌。本文就犬几种常见口腔肿瘤进行简述,并对其治疗措施及预后进行讨论。     

金毛巡回猎犬体表多发性肿瘤的病理分析

对金毛巡回猎犬的体表多处肿物采用临床检查、血常规、血生化、X射线检查,对切除后的肿物进行病理组织学分析。结果：颈背部肿物组织为黑褐色有包囊团块,脚趾部肿物组织为黑色松果样增生物;观察病理组织切片可见大量基底细胞和黑色素细胞变异增生,颈背部组织由表示恶化程度较高的基底细胞癌癌巢形成,并可见大量黑色素细胞和黑色素颗粒,脚趾处组织可见黑色素瘤细胞大小不等、排列不整齐,有的成漩涡状,有的呈梭形、束状。根据临床症状、实验室检测结果、病理组织学分析,该犬颈背部肿物为色素型基底细胞癌,脚趾处肿物为恶性黑色素瘤。     

The Molecular Basis of Canine Melanoma: Pathogenesis and Trends in Diagnosis and Therapy

Melanoma is a common neoplastic disease of dogs with variable presentation and biological behavior. Canine malignant melanoma is a rapidly metastatic disease that generally is incurable. The loss of function of cellular safeguards built into the genetic program and of immune surveillance systems that cooperate to prevent tumor formation and progression appear to be important underlying causes of canine malignant melanoma. In effect, many existing cancer treatments restore the function of 1 or the other of these mechanisms. For example, chemotherapy and radiotherapy often kill tumor cells by initiating a genetic suicide mechanism (apoptosis), and immunotherapy initiates or enhances a response by the body's immune cells to identify and destroy cancer cells by mechanisms that rely on direct cytotoxicity or apoptotic cell death. Nevertheless, standard therapeutic approaches have not proved effective in treatment of canine malignant melanoma, with only marginal improvement in the outcome of dogs with this disease. The advantages of an improved understanding of the molecular basis of canine cancer are underscored by recent promising advances in diagnosis and in immunologic and genetic therapies that may help reduce the mortality of dogs affected with malignant melanoma.     

Xenogeneic murine tyrosinase DNA vaccine for malignant melanoma of the digit of dogs

Background: Malignant melanoma of dogs is a highly aggressive neoplasm and is the 2nd most common digit tumor. Metastatic disease is a common sequela for which few effective treatment options exist. Studies show that xenogeneic tyrosinase DNA vaccination yields immune responses and prolongation of survival in dogs with oral malignant melanoma. Objectives/Hypothesis: Describe clinical findings and tumor characteristics of a cohort of dogs with digit malignant melanoma, and evaluate the prognostic utility of a proposed staging system. Determine if a novel xenogeneic DNA vaccine is safe and potentially effective for treatment of dogs with digit melanoma. Animals: Fifty‐eight dogs with digit malignant melanoma treated at the Animal Medical Center between 2004 and 2007. Methods: Retrospective, medical records review of dogs with digit melanoma treated with xenogeneic DNA vaccine. Results: Overall median survival time (MST) for dogs treated with loco‐regional control and xenogeneic DNA vaccine was 476 days with a 1‐year survival rate of 63%. MST for dogs presenting with metastasis was 105 days versus 533 days for dogs presenting without metastasis (P < .0001). Forty‐eight percent of the dogs in the latter group were alive at 2 and 3 years. A proposed staging system proved prognostic with stages I–IV dogs surviving >952, >1,093, 321, and 76 days, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The xenogeneic murine tyrosinase DNA vaccine was safe and appears effective when used in conjunction with local and regional disease control. The proposed staging system was prognostic in this study and future studies might benefit from utilizing this staging system.     

Multimodality treatment including ONCEPT for canine oral melanoma: A retrospective analysis of 131 dogs

Canine oral melanoma (OM) is an aggressive cancer with a high rate of metastasis. Surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT) are effective local treatments, yet many dogs succumb to distant metastasis. Immunotherapy represents an attractive strategy for this potentially immunogenic tumor. The objective of this multi‐institutional retrospective study was to examine the clinical outcome of dogs with OM treated with ONCEPT melanoma vaccine. Most dogs also underwent surgery and/or RT (8 Gy × four weekly fractions). Dogs with distant metastasis at diagnosis and those receiving concurrent chemotherapy were excluded. One hundred thirty‐one dogs treated with ONCEPT were included: 62 had adequate local tumor control defined as complete tumor excision or irradiation of residual microscopic disease; 15 were treated in the microscopic disease setting following an incomplete excision without adjuvant RT; and 54 had gross disease. Median time to progression, median progression‐free survival, and median tumor‐specific overall survival were 304, 260, and 510 days, respectively. In multivariable analysis, presence of gross disease correlated negatively with all measures of clinical outcome. Other negative prognostic indicators were primary tumor ≥2 cm, higher clinical stage (stages 2 and 3), presence of lymph node metastasis at diagnosis, and caudal location in the oral cavity. Radiotherapy had a protective effect against tumor progression. To date, this is the largest reported series of dogs with OM treated with ONCEPT. Several previously reported prognostic indicators were confirmed.     

Metastatic cancer of unknown primary in 21 dogs

The aim of this retrospective study was to describe clinical features, treatment and outcome of 21 dogs with metastatic cancer of unknown primary (MCUP), a biopsy‐proven malignancy being diagnosed at a metastatic stage, in which the anatomical origin of the primary tumour cannot be detected. All dogs underwent total‐body computed tomography. Signalment, type and duration of clinical signs, metastasis site, pathology results, treatment and outcome were recorded. Carcinoma was the most common diagnosis (57.1%), followed by sarcoma, melanoma and mast cell tumour. The median number of disease sites per dog was 2, with bones, lymph nodes, lungs and spleen being the most frequent metastatic locations. The median survival for all dogs was 30 days. Overall, a primary site was not identified in 20 (95.2%) dogs. MCUP encompasses a variety of different pathologic entities and harbours a poor prognosis.     

A retrospective analysis of the efficacy of Oncept vaccine for the adjunct treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma

Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) in the dog is often locally aggressive with a high metastatic potential and there are few treatment options that have been demonstrated to improve outcome of this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adjunctive treatment with the Oncept melanoma vaccine affected the outcome of dogs with OMM that had achieved loco‐regional cancer control. Medical records from 45 dogs that presented to the Animal Cancer and Imaging Center were reviewed, including 30 dogs with stage II and III disease. Dogs that received the vaccine did not achieve a greater progression‐free survival, disease‐free interval or median survival time than dogs that did not receive the vaccine.     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in canine oral malignant melanoma

Serum, plasma and tissue expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured in 20 dogs previously diagnosed histologically with oral melanoma. The concentrations of VEGF in serum and plasma were significantly higher in dogs with melanoma than in a control population (P ≤ 0.002). Concentrations of VEGF in the serum and plasma of dogs with melanoma were highly correlated (r = 0.867). Ninety‐five per cent of melanoma tissues expressed VEGF. Two staining patterns were detected: diffuse and granular cytoplasmic staining. High blood concentrations of VEGF were correlated to a shorter survival time in dogs receiving definitive therapy (P = 0.002). Survival times were significantly longer in dogs receiving definitive therapy versus palliative therapy (median 496 versus 97 days, P = 0.007). Blood concentrations of VEGF were associated with stage (P < 0.05). Dogs with oral melanoma have increased serum, plasma and tissue concentrations of VEGF. Increased expression of VEGF may be a reasonable target for future therapy of canine oral melanoma.     

An osteoid variant of cutaneous melanoma in a dog detected by S100 and melan a markers

Osteoid malignant melanoma is a rare type of melanoma described in humans and dogs with some areas of bone differentiation. In this tumour, the origin of the bone matrix remains unclear. We report one case of this variant with, for the first time, a cutaneous origin in a dog. Malignant melanomas are aggressive tumours. Amelanotic tumours are sometimes difficult to recognize as they require immunohistochemical evaluation for an adequate diagnosis and we have used anti-vimentin, S100, and melan A antibodies for identification. Melan A is less sensitive but more specific than S100 in identifying amelanotic melanomas. This tumour was positive for vimentin, S100 and melan A, including the areas of osteoid. These results suggest osteoid differentiation of tumour cells rather than induced stromal metaplasia.