IBRV重组gD蛋白的真核表达与间接ELISA检测方法的建立

通过优化牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（IBRV）gD基因序列为Sf9细胞偏好密码子,转座形成穿梭载体,将质粒瞬时转染Sf9昆虫细胞,利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统表达纯化重组IBRV gD蛋白;以制备的重组IBRV gD蛋白为包被抗原,建立检测IBRV血清中和抗体的间接ELISA方法,并通过比对检测已知血清中和抗体效价的牛血清,验证所建立的间接ELISA方法的敏感性、特异性与重复性等指标。结果显示：本研究建立的间接ELISA方法对相关的牛病毒血清抗体无交叉反应,敏感性可达1:512,组内和组间变异系数均低于10%;使用建立的间接ELISA检测方法结合血清中和试验,对480份临床血清样品进行检测,发现两者敏感性符合率为98.18%,特异性符合率为93.33%,总符合率为96.67%。结果表明,本研究建立的检测IBRV血清中和抗体的间接ELISA方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,可开发为临床适应的检测试剂盒。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒重组gD蛋白间接ELISA方法的建立及应用

用大肠杆菌表达的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（IBRV）重组gD蛋白纯化后作为包被抗原,建立了检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒抗体的间接ELISA方法。交叉反应试验表明,该重组抗原与其它常见的5种牛病阳性血清不发生交叉反应;阻断反应试验表明,IBRV病毒悬液能在很大程度上阻断重组抗原与阳性血清的反应,而对阴性血清没有明显影响。在重复性试验中,批内重复的变异系数小于5%,批间重复的变异系数小于15%。与中和试验相比较,符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为84.1%、85.0%和83.4%。应用该诊断方法和本实验室已建立的以IBRV全病毒作为包被抗原的ELISA诊断方法,同时检测了采集于国内11个省份的2012份血清样本,IBRVgD-ELISA检测的平均阳性率为46.0%（926/2012）,而且相对于IBRV全病毒ELISA诊断方法的符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为91.9%、94.2%和90.2%。本研究所建立的IBRVgD-ELISA具有良好的敏感性和特异性,为国内IBR流行病学调查提供了一种快速、简便的血清学诊断方法。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒单克隆抗体的制备及阻断ELISA方法的建立

为建立检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)血清抗体的阻断ELISA方法,本研究以经蔗糖密度梯度离心法纯化的IBRV作为免疫原制备1株单克隆抗体(MAb),命名为cp-1-1。经间接ELISA、IFA和western blot鉴定,该MAb与IBRV呈阳性反应,与牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)及牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)呈阴性反应,具有较强的特异性。质谱分析结果显示MAb cp-1-1识别的表位位于IBRV VP8蛋白。以纯化的IBRV作为包被抗原、MAb cp-1-1作为检测抗体,建立检测IBRV血清抗体的阻断ELISA方法。该检测方法的抗原包被量为0.89μg/孔,样品稀释度为12,检测抗体MAb量为1.3μg/孔,二抗稀释度为15000。利用50份IBRV抗体呈弱阳性的牛血清(中和抗体效价为14~116)作为标准参考血清,确定该检测方法的阻断率Cut Off值为52.06%,即阻断率高于52.06%时判为阳性,低于52.06%时判为阴性。阻断ELISA方法特异性试验显示仅IBRV阳性血清检测为阳性,而BVDV、BPIV3、牛腺病毒3型(BADV-3)和O型口蹄疫病毒(O-FMDV)阳性牛血清均检测为阴性,表明该方法具有较强的特异性;该方法可检测的最低中和抗体效价为14,与病毒中和试验的敏感性一致,表明该方法具有较高的敏感性;重复性试验显示该方法批内、批间变异系数均小于10%,显示较好的重复性。对130份现地牛血清检测结果显示,该方法与病毒中和试验的符合率为98.46%。用该方法对某牛场接种IBRV灭活疫苗的牛血清进行检测,抗体阳性率为99.51%(205/206)。另外,采用该方法对我国8个省(市、自治区)的801份牛血清进行检测,IBRV的抗体阳性率为41.6%(333/801)。本研究建立的阻断ELISA方法可以用于IBRV疫苗免疫监测和血清流行病学调查,为我国IBR的防控提供技术支持。     

牛轮状病毒重组VP7蛋白抗原间接ELISA诊断方法的建立

以纯化的原核表达的牛轮状病毒VP7蛋白为包被抗原,建立了检测牛轮状病毒抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法。特异性试验表明,该抗原与其他5种常见牛病病毒(IBRV、BCV、BRSV、ETEC、Cj)的阳性血清无交叉反应,板内和板间重复性试验的变异系数均小于10%;对来自不同牛场的血清样本检测结果显示,该检测方法与病毒中和试验检测结果符合率达87.2%。本试验建立的ELISA诊断方法具有良好的重复性、敏感性和特异性,为BRV的快速诊断、免疫牛群血清抗体监测及轮状病毒流行病学调查提供了一种快速、简便的血清学诊断方法。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒gE蛋白原核表达及间接ELISA检测方法研究

本研究以牛传染性鼻气管炎gE基因的原核表达产物为抗原建立检测IBRV抗体间接ELISA检测方法。通过DANStar比对分析牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒gE蛋白序列,通过亲和层析对重组表达产物进行纯化,经Western blot检测证明重组表达产物能被IBRV标准性鼻气管炎gE蛋白长度为500 bp的特异性肽序列,随后构建了pCold-TF-gE原核表达体系,并用Ni-IDA进行纯化。以纯化鉴定后的表达产物为抗原(1 μg/mL)包被酶标板制备多克隆抗体血清,并建立检测牛传染性鼻气管炎血清抗体间接gE-ELISA方法。结果显示:阳性OD₄₅₀值为0.369,组内组间重复性小于5%,敏感性强,与口蹄疫等阳性血清均无交叉反应且特异性达95%。利用建立的gE-ELISA方法,同时和IDEXX(IBR)抗体检测试剂盒对200份临床阳性血清进行检测比较,符合率均达到95%。该方法特异敏感高效,可用于牛传染性鼻气管炎血清抗体的检测。     

猪瘟病毒重组E2蛋白PPA-ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的研制及应用

以纯化的猪瘟病毒（CSFV）重组E2蛋白为包被抗原,辣根过氧化物酶标记葡萄球菌A蛋白为二抗,组装了检测CSFV抗体的PPA-ELISA诊断试剂盒。该试剂盒与其他7种常见猪病毒（PRRSV、PPV、JEV、PCV-2、PEDV、PRV、TGEV）及牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）的阳性血清不发生交叉反应;批内重复性试验的变异系数小于5%,批间重复性试验的变异系数小于10%;与间接血凝试验相比较,符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为86.2%,85.4%,87.2%;与IDEXX ELISA试剂盒相比较,符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为91.3%,93.2%,88.7%。表明本试验研制的E2-PPA-ELISA抗体检测试剂盒具有良好的重复性、敏感性和特异性,将为CSFV的快速诊断、免疫猪群抗体水平监测和CSFV流行病学调查提供一种快速、简便的血清学诊断方法。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒DQ株gD基因表达及其间接ELISA方法的建立和初步应用

以原核表达的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)重组gD蛋白作为包被抗原,建立检测IBRV抗体的间接ELISA方法.构建pET30a-gD重组质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达IBRV重组gD蛋白,Western-blot检测该重组蛋白具有良好的免疫活性.通过方阵试验确定了抗原的最适包被浓度为2.5 μg/mL,血清最佳稀释倍数为1:200,酶标二抗最佳稀释倍数为1:5 000,与病毒中和试验,全病毒ELISA方法的检测结果符合率分别为87.5%、92.5%.用该法对黑龙江部分地区采集到的863份牛血清样品进行检测,结果阳性率为82.27%.本试验建立的间接ELISA方法可用于IBR的检测和流行病学调查.     

用酶联免疫吸附试验检测牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒抗体的敏感性和特异性

应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测牛血清中牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)抗体的技术已经得到了发展。我们用ELISA方法检测从无IBR病毒牛群中采集的304份血清,其特异性为100%;检测经鼻内疫苗接种免疫后采集的62份牛血清,其诊断敏感性在免疫后第一个月为27.4%,第六个月为100%,检测标准血清中和抗体滴度≥1:2的303份牛血清,其敏感性为100%;463份随意诊断样品经比较试验证明ELISA检出血清阳性牛(61.6%)比标准血清中和试验(49.9%)要高。因此,我们认为ELISA具有技术上的优越性,可以作为一种常规诊断试验来检测牛血清中IBR病毒抗体。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒gB基因的截短表达与间接ELISA诊断方法的建立

经DNAstar分析，据牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（IBRV）全基因序列设计合成gB基因的特异性引物，以构建的pGM-T-gB为模板，PCR扩增IBRVgB蛋白192-266位氨基酸的基因序列。将目的片段克隆，酶切鉴定并测序鉴定后，定向插入pET32a表达载体中，转化表达菌BL21。SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明，诱导表达产物以包涵体和可溶形式存在，大小约为29．2ku，与预测值相符。亲和纯化后重组蛋白浓度为2．000mg／mL，纯度为79．2％。间接ELISA检测证明，表达蛋白具有抗原性。以该蛋白作为诊断抗原，建立了间接ELISA诊断方法。确定的抗原包被浓度为50／zg／mL，血清的最佳稀释度为1：40，阳性标准定为s／e〉0．395。交叉试验表明对牛流热（BEV）、牛肺疫（CBPP）、牛病毒性腹泻（BVD）、牛结核（BTB）、牛副结核（PBB）以及牛赤羽病（BAD）等其它6种疾病阳性血清不发生交叉反应。与中和试验相比较，特异性、敏感性和符合率分别为83．3％、90．9％和88．9％；与进口法国IBRV全病毒ELISA抗体诊断试剂盒比较，特异性、敏感性和符合率分别为92％、92．7％和92．5％。上述结果表明该诊断方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性，显示了良好的应用前景。     

IBRV gD蛋白的原核表达及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

利用生物学软件分析牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)gD蛋白的抗原决定簇,发现相应的核酸序列,设计特异性引物用PCR扩增IBRV gD基因片段并克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a中,通过双酶切鉴定正确和测序正确后进行诱导表达。利用间接ELISA方法和Western blot鉴定gD重组蛋白的免疫原性和反应原性。最后将gD重组蛋白用作包被抗原,并通过优化相应的反应条件建立检测IBRV抗体的间接ELISA方法。结果显示,表达的gD重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和反应原性,间接ELISA阴阳性临界值为:D_(450 nm)值=0.23。重组抗原gD与口蹄疫、牛病毒性腹泻、赤羽病、副结核病、布鲁菌病、结核病等阳性血清无交叉反应,具有比较好的特异性。组内和组间变异系数均小于5%,重复性较好。建立的ELISA方法结果显示,当测试相同的200个临床血清样本时,与IDEXX牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒gB X3抗体检测试剂盒相比,两者符合率为96%。本试验为IBRV抗体间接ELISA检测试剂盒的开发奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.