养殖场粪污处理配套设施建设要点

本文结合四川省西昌市实际情况,制定出西昌市养殖场粪污处理配套设施建设要点。主要是畜禽圈舍应做到雨污分离,各养殖场(户)按养殖规模修建干粪堆粪棚、贮粪池或沼气池,并修建绿化区,达到粪污综合利用的效果。     

寒区畜禽养殖场粪污的贮存技术

粪污贮存是治理畜禽养殖场污染的重要环节,是粪污资源化利用的保障,是规范养殖者生产行为和提高环保意识的关键。本文结合寒区特点,从粪污贮存的目的、贮存设施的建设、贮存操作与日常管理等方面,阐述寒区畜禽养殖场粪污的贮存技术,为防治污染、克服粪污季节性困扰提供切实可行的方法。     

泰兴市粪污设施建设及无害化处理情况调查

泰兴市畜牧业比较发达，全市生猪规模养殖场110个、存栏14.1548万头，家禽规模养殖场29个、存栏108.7万羽，奶牛规模养殖场8个、存栏1884头，日产生畜禽粪污2000 t左右，年产生粪污70多万t，通过粪污还田、沼气池发酵等各种处理方式，目前泰兴市畜禽粪污有100%都被处理和再利用。     

规模化猪场沼气工程知多少——我国规模化养殖场粪便污到处理利用现状及对策

根据规模化养殖场（主要是养猪场）粪污处理情况的调研,结合相关法规、政策以及文献资料,概述了我国畜禽养殖粪污处理利用现状,探讨了畜禽养殖粪污处理的问题及限制因素,并提出了几点建议,以期为管理部门、养殖场业主和粪污处理工程设计调试人员提供参考。     

规模化猪场沼气工程知多少——我国规模化养殖场粪便污到处理利用现状及对策

根据规模化养殖场（主要是养猪场）粪污处理情况的调研,结合相关法规、政策以及文献资料,概述了我国畜禽养殖粪污处理利用现状,探讨了畜禽养殖粪污处理的问题及限制因素,并提出了几点建议,以期为管理部门、养殖场业主和粪污处理工程设计调试人员提供参考。     

新疆北疆地区奶牛场建设与粪污处理情况分析

为了解新疆北疆地区奶牛养殖场建设与粪污处理现状,对9个规模化牛场的牛群规模、牛舍与运动场结构、粪污处理及资源化利用情况进行了统计分析。结果表明,目前新疆北疆地区奶牛场粪污处理方式趋于无害化且粪污处理机械化程度较高,粪污处理与资源化利用方式多样化。研究结果提示,养殖场应重视粪污处理的方法,从而更好地解决粪污处理的问题,该研究可为今后畜牧场建设、粪污处理方式及方向等工作提供借鉴和科学依据。     

非规模养猪场粪污处理及资源化利用的可行性模式分析与探讨

非规模化养殖场的粪污处理已成为当下畜禽粪污处理的一项重要工作。结合东海县的实际情况,对非规模化养殖场粪污处理和资源化利用存在的相关问题及可行性模式进行了分析和探讨。     

发酵床＋沼气池新型猪舍设计

针对中小规模猪场存在的粪污处理难等问题,设计在猪发酵床下建造串联沼气池式新型猪舍,将部分猪粪污直接排入沼气池,发酵后再利用;部分猪粪尿由发酵床分解,冬季发酵床给沼气池有效保温,实现发酵床和沼气池处理粪污的有机结合。本设计不仅实现了猪的粪污零排放,而且做到了清洁能源循环利用,适合家庭牧场使用。     

福建省仙游县生猪规模化养殖场粪污处理与资源化利用情况调查

通过对福建省仙游县生猪规模养殖场粪污处理与资源化利用情况调查,总结了仙游县生猪养殖场粪污处理的主要模式"猪-沼-果";指出了仙游县粪污处理存在的问题:场区设计不合理、种养结合不紧密、环境管理较粗放;提出了建议:强化源头减排,优化处理模式,推广有机肥料,加强政府引导,建立长效机制。     

畜禽养殖场粪污和废弃物处理技术

当前,环境保护和食品安全要求越来越严,改造完善畜禽养殖场粪污和废弃物处理设施和技术势在必行,从2014年开始,笔者结合畜禽养殖场实际情况和相关部门要求,推广了养殖场粪污和废弃物处理技术,与大家探讨改进.     

养猪场与水泥厂"混搭联办模式"的实践与应用

文章介绍了水泥窑协同猪场处置沼渣等废弃物,水泥厂余热发电系统产生的蒸汽转变为热能为养猪场生产综合利用;猪场沼气站发酵池产生的沼气作为水泥窑燃料煤炭的替代品;猪场污水处理达标后的中水由水泥厂循环冷却、混凝土搅拌站综合利用。     

The survival of pathogenic bacteria and plant growth promoting bacteria during mesophilic anaerobic digestion in full‐scale biogas plants

The introduction of biogas plants is a promising way to recycle organic wastes with renewable energy production and reducing greenhouse gas. Application of anaerobic digestate as a fertilizer reduces the consumption of chemical fertilizers. In this study, the survival of pathogenic bacteria and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in two full‐scale biogas plants operated at mesophilic condition were investigated. Feedstock and anaerobic digestate samples were collected from biogas plants and bacteria load in samples were detected using standard dilution plate method. Pathogenic bacteria were reduced to not detected level through mesophilic digestion tank except for Campylobacter. However, it could be reduced by 98.7% through a sterilization tank. Bacillus was detected at 8.00 and 7.81 log₁₀ CFU/g dry matter in anaerobic digestates, and it was also resistant to sterilization tank. Bacillus spp. is considered to be the safe bacteria that hold remarkable abilities for promoting plant growth. The results showed that treatment at biogas plants is effective to reduce pathogenic bacteria in dairy manure, and sterilization could further reduce the sanitary risks of pathogenic bacteria relating to anaerobic digestate application. Anaerobic digestates could also be utilized as bio‐fertilizer as the high load of plant growth promoting bacteria.     

微生物对堆肥发酵进程影响的研究进展

在养殖场中堆肥处理不仅是一种应用最普遍的粪污处理方式,也是目前固体有机废弃物处置中最有效、最经济的方法。堆肥处理是在人工可控条件下微生物把废弃有机物转变为无病虫卵、无病原菌、无臭气物质的稳定化过程。筛选耐低温、耐高温和具有高效降解纤维素能力的微生物菌株,将其加入堆肥发酵腐熟过程中,可以起到加快堆肥处理进程、提高腐熟效果、降低植物毒性等作用。该研究从国内外研制堆肥腐熟微生物制剂的进展,以及低温、中温和高温堆肥腐熟微生物制剂的种类和应用等方面进行综述。     

规模畜禽场沼肥资源化利用技术综述与展望

规模畜禽养殖业的快速发展给环境带来大量的养殖废弃物,厌氧发酵技术处理,因其除了可以获得二次能源(沼气)外,发酵产物-沼肥还可以作为有机肥施用于农田,可以增加作物产量,提高产品质量,改良土壤性质,减少化肥的施用量,当前被我国众多的规模畜禽养殖场采用。然而,沼肥施用过程中存在诸如:沼肥产量大运输难、养分不平衡、长期田园肥灌造成二次污染等的问题,因此为更合理适量地利用养殖污染物,变废为宝,做到污染物的减量化、资源化和无害化,实现我国畜禽养殖业的可持续发展,探讨沼液及沼渣的资源化处理和应用前景具有重要的现实意义。     

高温高湿地区建设奶牛场的规划与设计——以湖北省黄冈市为例

现阶段的奶牛养殖业已逐渐由过去传统生产方式向规模化的生产发展,而随着养殖规模逐渐扩大,高温高湿地区奶牛场建设的重要性日益突出,基础设计的好坏,直接影响到奶牛的牛奶质量、养殖和生产繁殖的经济效益.本文从场地选择、奶牛场建筑物的建设两方面剖析奶牛场的设计,从通风、防暑降温和防疫等方面进行探讨,以期能够在一定程度上缓解高温高湿对奶牛养殖带来的负面影响,从而提高养殖效益.     

Farming practices in Sweden related to feeding milk and colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials to dairy calves

Background

Milk produced by cows in receipt of antimicrobial therapy may contain antimicrobial residues. Such antimicrobial-containing waste milk must be withdrawn from human consumption and is therefore sometimes used as calf feed. Unfortunately, this approach might promote selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves’ intestinal microbiota. The objectives of this study were therefore to obtain an overview of waste milk feeding practices on Swedish dairy farms and to investigate if these practices were associated with certain farm characteristics. A representative group of 457 Swedish dairy farmers participated in a web-based survey with questions about the use of colostrum and milk from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off or during lactation, respectively, as calf feed.

Results

Colostrum (milk from the first milking after calving) and transition milk (milk from the second milking to the fourth day after calving) from cows treated with antimicrobials at dry off was fed to calves on 89% and 85% of the farms in the study, respectively. When antimicrobial therapy was given to cows during lactation, 56% of the farms fed milk that was produced during the course of treatment to calves, whereas milk that was produced during the subsequent withdrawal period was fed to calves on 79% of the farms. Surveyed farmers were less prone to feed such milk if the antimicrobial therapy was due to mastitis than other infections. In Sweden, a majority of antimicrobial treatments during lactation are systemic administration of benzylpenicillin and thus, the bulk of waste milk in Sweden is likely to contain residues of this drug. Feeding waste milk to calves was more common on non-organic farms, and on farms located in Southern Sweden, and was less common on farms with cows housed in cold free stalls barns.

Conclusions

Waste milk that may contain antimicrobial residues is, at least occasionally, used as feed for calves on a majority of surveyed Swedish dairy farms. Future work should focus on the effect of waste milk feeding on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the calves’ intestinal microbiota.     

规模化奶牛场粪便的无害化处理措施

随着养牛业规模化、集中化发展,牛粪资源化利用日益凸显。从奶牛养殖污染防治角度出发,阐述规模化牛场粪便污染现状,介绍了堆肥技术、发酵技术、沼气生态模式在牛场粪便污染处理中的应用,旨在为提高牛场粪便处理效率,为促进奶牛养殖业的健康、快速发展提供参考。     

规模化奶牛场粪污危害、处理及循环利用模式

随着我国奶牛养殖业发展规模的壮大,规模化奶牛场数量持续增加,但奶牛场粪污污染问题也日益凸显。本文结合自身工作经验,首先分析了规模化奶牛场粪污的危害性,然后从雨污分离、固液分离和干清粪工艺对规模化奶牛场粪污处理方式进行概述,最后从厌气（厌氧）发酵获得沼气、微生物发酵用作饲料和生产生物有机肥三种不同模式介绍模化奶牛场粪污的循环利用操作,以期为规模化奶牛场粪污高效利用提供借鉴。     

Influence of topically applied cold treatment on core temperature and cell viability in equine superficial digital flexor tendons

OBJECTIVE: To determine rate and degree of cooling for the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) during a standard cryotherapy application in horses and evaluate in vitro effects of cooling on survival of tendon cells. SAMPLE POPULATION: 6 limbs of 5 adult horses and cultured cells obtained from SDFT of 3 adult horses during necropsy. PROCEDURE: In vivo data were acquired by use of a thermocouple temperature probe inserted into the SDFT of a forelimb of each standing sedated horse. After baseline temperatures were recorded, a commercial compression splint with circulating coolant was placed on each selected limb, which was then exposed to cold treatment for 60 minutes. Temperatures were recorded at 30-second intervals. Mean minimum core temperature was calculated and used to design a protocol for in vitro cold treatment of cells. Specimens were obtained from the SDFT of horses during necropsy; tendon cells were cultured in suspension and exposed to 1-hour of cold treatment that mimicked the in vivo procedure. Viability of cells after cold treatment was compared with viability of cells maintained at body temperature. RESULTS: After 1 hour of cold treatment, SDFT core temperature was reduced by a mean of 21.8 degrees C, reaching a mean minimum temperature of 10 degrees C. Viability did not differ significantly between cold-treated and control cells. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that topical application of cryotherapy significantly reduced core SDFT temperature in standing sedated horses. Temperatures achieved in vivo during cold treatment were not detrimental to the in vitro viability of tendon cells.     

微电流对畜禽养殖污水中常见细菌的杀灭效果研究

目的观察微电流对水体中细菌的杀灭效果,为养殖业污水消毒寻找新方法提供理论支撑。方法通过开展悬液定量杀菌试验、影响因素测定试验和模拟现场试验,对微电流杀灭大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的效果进行研究,探讨温度和pH值对消毒效果的影响,并以人工湖水和养殖场污水为消毒对象进行模拟现场试验。结果微电流消毒作用4 min时,对4种菌悬液的杀灭对数值均>5.0。温度和pH值对微电流消毒效果无影响。利用微电流对人工湖水和养殖场污水进行消毒,作用4 min时杀菌率达到99.99%,水中细菌基本已被杀灭;作用5 min时,水中细菌菌落总数下降至0 CFU/mL,能达到完全杀灭细菌的效果。结论微电流对畜禽养殖污水中常见细菌具有杀灭作用,在畜禽养殖业消毒方面具有广阔的应用前景。