两种黄芪多糖药物佐剂对兔瘟免疫效果的影响

多糖是来自于高等植物、动物细胞膜及微生物细胞壁中的天然大分子物质,是所有生命有机体的重要组成成分,并与维持生命所必需的多种功能有关。近年来研究发现,许多中药尤其是补益类中药具有免疫促进作用,多糖是其活性成分之一,对机体的特异性和非特异性免疫功能具有增强作用,其作用机制是通过刺激单核-巨噬细胞系统的吞噬功能,促进淋巴细胞增殖和转化及抗体生成,诱导细胞因子的分泌,激活补体系统等途径实现对机体免疫系统功能的调节,而且多糖是天然产物,对动物及人类安全,无     

植物多糖及其对奶牛主要疫病的作用

<正>免疫调节主要是指机体识别和清除抗原,对自身成分产生免疫耐受,维持内环境的稳定。主要是免疫细胞和免疫分子之间以及与其他系统如神经内分泌系统之间的相互作用。而植物多糖可通过与免疫细胞表面的多种受体结合激活不同的信号通路来调控动物机体的免疫系统。本文主要介绍了多糖的种类及其对奶牛疾病的作用及应用。     

免疫多糖在水产养殖中的应用

免疫多糖作为一种重要的免疫促进剂 ,可激活自身免疫系统 ,增强机体抵抗病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫的能力 ,增加机体抗应激能力 ,提高动物生产性能。此外 ,免疫多糖具有高效、低毒、无残留的特点 ,符合绿色饲料发展的需求。因此国内外学者对免疫多糖在水产养殖上的应用进行了较多的研究 ,免疫多糖作为一种绿色饲料添加剂必将在水产养殖上发挥重要作用。1　免疫多糖的作用大量药物试验证明 ,免疫多糖对免疫系统发挥着多方位的调节作用。1 1　对细胞因子的作用　细胞因子是指免疫细胞和非免疫细胞合成和分泌的小分子多肽类因子 ,在免疫系统中…     

植物多糖对动物免疫细胞的影响及调节机制研究进展

植物多糖是由10个或10个以上单糖聚合而成的大分子物质,是一类重要的生物活性天然产物,具有无毒副作用、来源广泛等特点,在调节动物机体免疫系统、预防疾病方面具有极高的利用价值。文章综述植物多糖对动物巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和树突状细胞的影响及其可能的作用机制,为植物多糖在动物生产中的应用提供参考。     

多糖对巨噬细胞功能影响的研究进展

巨噬细胞具有吞噬、杀伤、递呈抗原、分泌生物活性物质、调控局部组织微环境以及抑制肿瘤等多种免疫功能,是机体非特异免疫的重要组成部分。以往研究结果表明,多糖具有调节巨噬细胞活性的功能,同时发现具有抗肿瘤的作用。近年来,人们不断研究发现具有增强巨噬细胞活性和促进其分泌作用的活性多糖,并深入研究巨噬细胞表面的多糖受体和细胞内信号转导途径,以揭示多糖调节动物机体免疫机能的机制。     

中草药多糖的免疫调节机制及其应用

在畜牧业的长期生产中,抗生素等药物的普遍使用产生的抗药性、药物残留,危害人类健康,破坏生态环境,使人们开始积极探寻能取代抗生素的成分。中草药多糖是普遍存在于自然界植物、动物及微生物组织中的醛糖和(或)酮糖通过糖苷键连接在一起组成的天然高分子化合物。中草药多糖来源广泛、天然无毒,具备各种活性功能。近年来许多专家、学者对多种中草药多糖的作用机理进行了大量研究,结果表明,中草药多糖能从多个方面调节机体的免疫系统,具有抗病毒、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降低血糖等作用。本文主要就中草药多糖对畜禽免疫系统的作用及研究现状和前景…     

多糖与动物免疫的研究现状

多糖在自然界分布极广,亦很重要。多糖具有调节动物机体免疫功能的作用,如激活巨噬细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和T、B淋巴细胞;而且激活补体系统,促进抗体生成、能诱生多种细胞因子等。多糖在抗菌、抗癌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、降低血脂以及提高动物生产性能等一系列作用。     

浅析黄芪多糖对动物机体的影响

通过大量的试验研究表明,黄芪多糖有益气固表功效,对动物机体的免疫系统有重要影响,可以增强机体免疫功能,从而具有抗应激、抗病毒、抗肿瘤和提高动物生产性能等作用。     

植物多糖通过核因子κB及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子E2相关因子2信号通路发挥抗氧化作用的机制

植物多糖是植物提取物中重要活性成分之一,具有抗氧化、免疫增强、抗肿瘤等多种生物学作用。在抗氧化作用方面,植物多糖通过核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路减少炎症因子的分泌,缓解氧化应激损伤;通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子E2相关因子2(MAPK/Nrf2)信号通路清除机体或细胞内自由基,提高抗氧化酶活性或含量,增强机体或细胞对氧化应激的抗性。本文主要综述了氧化应激产生的原因及其危害,并阐述NF-κB及MAPK/Nrf2信号通路在植物多糖发挥抗氧化作用中的研究现状以及存在问题,为植物多糖作为抗氧化剂的研究与应用提供理论参考。     

植物血凝素的研究应用

<正>植物血凝素(植物血细胞凝集素,PHA)是一种从红芸豆中提取的有丝分裂原,作为一种低聚糖与蛋白质的复合物,植物血凝素有促进淋巴细胞有丝分裂、激活免疫细胞——淋巴细胞的作用。据美国《科学》杂志报道,机体免疫系统通过识别植物血凝素而识别病毒,并产生相应的抗体和其他免疫反应,以从体内清除病毒。植物血凝素与黄芪多糖等多种中草药联用具有增效作用,与部分抗生素联用具有相加作用。因其强大的增强机体非特异性免疫力的作用以及强效的抗病毒作用,植物血凝素在兽药中的应用也日益广泛。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.