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1.
为表达具有天然构象的蓝舌病病毒血清1型(BTV1)主要结构蛋白VP2、VP3、VP5和VP7,研制针对流行于我国的BTV1型毒株的病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles,VLP)疫苗提供基础,将编码BTV1 VP2和VP5蛋白的基因分别克隆到双表达载体pFastBacDual 的启动子pPH和pP10下游,构建重组质粒pFastBacDual-BTV1-VP2-VP5,将重组质粒转化DH10Bac感受态细胞,获得重组穿梭质粒rBacmidBTV1-VP2-VP5,转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBacBTV1-VP2-VP5;按照同样策略,制备重组杆状病毒rBacBTV1-VP3-VP7。使用兔抗BTV1-VP5蛋白多克隆抗体和鼠抗BTV-VP7蛋白单克隆抗体,分别对rBacBTV1-VP2-VP5和rBacBTV1-VP3-VP7感染的Sf9细胞进行间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测,结果病毒感染细胞可见特异性荧光出现;使用兔抗BTV1-VP2蛋白多克隆抗体和兔抗BTV1-VP3 蛋白多克隆抗体,分别对rBacBTV1-VP2-VP5和rBacBTV1-VP3-VP7感染的Sf9细胞进行Western-blot检测,可见相对分子质量约100 kDa左右的条带,大小与预期相符。IFA检测和Western Blot检测结果显示,BTV1 VP2、VP3、VP5和 VP7蛋白均得以表达,且具有良好的反应原性。  相似文献   

2.
为表达具有天然构象的蓝舌病病毒血清1型(BTV1)主要结构蛋白VP2、VP3、VP5和VP7,研制针对流行于我国的BTV1型毒株的病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles,VLP)疫苗提供基础,将编码BTV1 VP2和VP5蛋白的基因分别克隆到双表达载体pFastBacDual的启动子pPH和pP10下游,构建重组质粒pFastBacDualBTV1-VP2-VP5,将重组质粒转化DH10Bac感受态细胞,获得重组穿梭质粒rBacmidBTV1-VP2-VP5,转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBacBTV1-VP2-VP5;按照同样策略,制备重组杆状病毒rBacBTV1-VP3-VP7。使用兔抗BTV1-VP5蛋白多克隆抗体和鼠抗BTV-VP7蛋白单克隆抗体,分别对rBacBTV1-VP2-VP5和rBacBTV1-VP3-VP7感染的Sf9细胞进行间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测,结果病毒感染细胞可见特异性荧光出现;使用兔抗BTV1-VP2蛋白多克隆抗体和兔抗BTV1-VP3蛋白多克隆抗体,分别对rBacBTV1-VP2-VP5和r BacBTV1-VP3-VP7感染的Sf9细胞进行Western-blot检测,可见相对分子质量约100 kDa左右的条带,大小与预期相符。IFA检测和Western Blot检测结果显示,BTV1 VP2、VP3、VP5和VP7蛋白均得以表达,且具有良好的反应原性。  相似文献   

3.
《中国兽医学报》2014,(12):1888-1892
为研究A型清道夫受体(SR-A)在重组口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)VP1-VP4蛋白诱导小鼠产生抗免疫应答中的作用,通过构建Pet32a-VP1-VP4原核表达系统制备VP1-VP4蛋白,用纯化的VP1-VP4蛋白分别免疫预先注射SR-A抑制剂的BALB/c小鼠和未作处理的BALB/c小鼠,用ELISA检测免疫7d后小鼠血清中IFN-γ和IL-4的含量,用琼脂扩散法测血清的抗体效价,用ELISA检测血清抗体亚类的含量。结果发现,经SR-A抑制剂处理的小鼠血清IFN-γ含量和IL-4含量均降低,血清总抗体效价也降低,但血清IgA水平显著升高,这表明SR-A在识别VP1-VP4蛋白进而启动免疫应答的过程中发挥广泛的调节作用。  相似文献   

4.
为获得传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)特异性抗体检测用抗原VP2、VP1及VP2-VP1蛋白,分别设计引物扩增IBDV野毒株NN1172的VP2和VP1基因,并扩增VP2和VP1基因中抗原性和亲水性较好的重要区域,通过PCR扩增基因串联方法对截短的VP2和截短的VP1基因进行串联,首次获得VP2-VP1串联基因,并对VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1串联基因进行了原核表达和鉴定。结果成功构建了原核表达载体pET-VP2、pET-VP1和pET-VP2-VP1;诱导表达条件显示,3个重组质粒分别转入BL21菌株后经0.05 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达,分别得到分子量为69、114和63 kDa的VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1重组蛋白,且均以包涵体形式表达,3个重组蛋白分别于诱导后5、3和6 h时表达量最多。Western blot结果显示,表达的VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1蛋白与鸡抗IBDV阳性血清均具有良好的反应原性。以纯化的VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1蛋白作为包被抗原对传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、呼肠孤病毒(ReoV)、禽白血病病毒(ALV)和新城疫病毒(NDV)4种阳性血清检测均为阴性,表明所获得的纯化蛋白具有高度的特异性;对免疫了IBD灭活疫苗,IBD基因工程疫苗和IBD弱毒疫苗的商业鸡群进行抗体检测,结果均能显示疫苗免疫后机体抗体水平的变化趋势。本研究表明利用该原核表达系统所表达的3个蛋白均具有良好的免疫反应活性,为IBDV特异性抗体的检测和新型亚单位疫苗的研发奠定基础。  相似文献   

5.
为满足口岸对南非II型口蹄疫检测、监测的需求,在对南非II型口蹄疫抗原表位分析及相关基因合成的基础上,进行融合蛋白pGEX—VP1-VP3的体外表达,采用柱上酶切方法制备VP1-VP3蛋白。将纯化VP1-VP3抗原包被96微孔板,分别优化抗原包被浓度、血清稀释度、酶标二抗稀释度,确定阴性临界值。经反复优化,建立的南非II型间接ELISA检测方法的最佳抗原包被浓度为6.4ug/ml,血清最佳稀释度为1:200,酶标二抗最佳稀释度为1:4000,阴性临界值(0D450)为0.562。检测样品判定标准为:OD450〉0.622为阳性,OD450〈0.502为阴性,0.502≤OD450≤0.622为可疑。特异性试验结果表明,所建立方法与其它血清型口蹄疫间无交叉反应。南非II型口蹄疫间接ELISA检测方法的建立为我国口岸口蹄疫检疫提供了新的查验方法。  相似文献   

6.
《中国兽医学报》2020,(2):272-277
为探索肥大细胞应答重组口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)VP1-VP4(简称VP1-VP4)蛋白的信号转导途径,用重组VP1-VP4蛋白负载分别经NF-κB抑制剂获MAP激酶(MAPKs)抑制剂处理的小鼠腹腔肥大细胞(pMCs)、重组VP1-VP4负载pMCs组,以及未经处理的对照组pMCs,取1,6,24,48 h的细胞上清液,用ELISA检测细胞上清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的含量。结果显示,抑制NF-κB组的IL-6和TNF-α含量在24,48 h均显著高于重组VP1-VP4负载pMCs组,而抑制MAPKs组的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10含量在24 h以后均显著低于重组VP1-VP4负载pMCs组。结果表明,肥大细胞识别重组VP1-VP4蛋白分泌TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10受MAPKs调节,而分泌TNF-α、IL-6可能受NF-κB负调节。  相似文献   

7.
刘汉平 《中国畜牧兽医》2019,46(11):3350-3357
为开发猪O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)病毒样颗粒(VLPs)基因工程亚单位疫苗,试验参考GenBank中登录的FMDV毒株基因序列(登录号:JN998085),设计针对VP1、VP2、VP3和VP4 4个基因片段的特异性引物,以O型FMDV O/MYA98/XJ/2010毒株的cDNA序列为模板,对目的基因进行PCR扩增;将获得的VP3、VP1和VP4、VP2基因片段分别插入2个杆状病毒供体质粒(pFastBacDual)的p10和pH双元启动子中,构建pFBD-VP3-VP1和pFBD-VP4-VP2 2个重组转座质粒;将验证正确的2个重组转座质粒分别转化含有穿梭载体(Bacmid)的大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,获得2个重组杆粒rBacmid-VP3-VP1和rBacmid-VP4-VP2,经验证正确后,对其进行扩增和提取,将其分别转染Sf9贴壁昆虫细胞,构建2个重组杆状病毒rvAc-VP3-VP1和rvAc-VP4-VP2;2个重组杆状病毒共同感染悬浮培养的Sf9昆虫细胞,利用杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞内对4个基因进行表达,目的蛋白通过间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)、SDS-PAGE、Western blotting及透射电镜(EM)进行检测。结果显示,本研究成功构建2株分别表达FMDV VP1、VP2、VP3和VP4 4个结构蛋白的重组杆状病毒;特异性抗体检测发现,4个蛋白VP1~VP4均成功表达,且具有良好的特异性反应;4个蛋白在Sf9昆虫细胞内能够完成自我组装,形成与天然病毒结构相似的VLPs,直径大小在25~30 nm。本研究利用共感染表达方式在Sf9昆虫细胞内成功制备出FMDV病毒颗粒,为开发高效安全的FMDV基因工程亚单位疫苗开辟了一条新思路。  相似文献   

8.
在对南非Ⅱ型口蹄疫病毒抗原分析基础上,将已经筛选出的6条抗原性良好的多肽采用柔性linker拼接,人工合成相应核苷酸后连入T载体中。将酶切回收的串联基因(VP1-VP3)克隆于表达载体pGEX-6P-1中,获得重组质粒pGEX-VP1-VP3。该质粒转化于感受态细胞BL21(DE3) plysS中,经IPTG诱导后进行了可溶性分析和Western blotting分析,且对融合蛋白柱上酶切纯化后进行了抗原性分析。重组质粒pGEX-VP1-VP3的PCR和测序结果表明,VP1-VP3串联基因已成功插入pGEX-6p-1载体中;pGEX-VP1-VP3融合蛋白分子质量约为38.3 ku,并以包涵体形式存在;Western blotting结果显示,该融合蛋白与南非Ⅱ型FMDV阳性血清能发生特异性反应;酶切纯化后蛋白间接ELISA鉴定结果表明,表达的VP1-VP3蛋白具有良好的免疫原性与反应原性。串联多肽的成功表达,将为南非型口蹄疫血清学检测方法建立奠定基础。  相似文献   

9.
利用原核表达载体pET28a和pColdⅠ与猪细小病毒VP2基因分别构建重组表达质粒,并采用与伴侣蛋白共表达和低温诱导表达猪细小病毒VP2蛋白,并以电镜观察、血凝效价测定等进行鉴定。结果显示,2个表达载体均能对重组蛋白进行可溶性表达。冷休克载体组pColdⅠ-VP2蛋白在上清中表达效率更高且杂蛋白较少,诱导时不需要额外添加L-阿拉伯糖,表达过程工艺相对更简单。纯化后的pColdⅠ-VP2蛋白具有一定的免疫反应性,能在体外组装成病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles, VLPs),且具有血凝活性,使用206佐剂混合乳化重组蛋白免疫豚鼠后,血清中能检测到高滴度血凝抑制抗体。上述结果为进一步研究新型安全高效的猪细小病毒疫苗提供了数据支持。  相似文献   

10.
目前疫苗免疫是预防蓝舌病的主要有效手段,蓝舌病病毒样颗粒(VLPs)疫苗是蓝舌病疫苗研究的热点之一。为了制备蓝舌病病毒血清16型(BTV-16)病毒样颗粒,研究对载体pFastBac-Dual进行了改造,使其具有4个独立启动子的多克隆位点。依次将BTV-16 VP2、VP5、VP3和VP7基因插入到改造后载体(pF4)的4个多克隆位点中,成功构建了四表达重组质粒pF4-VP2-VP5-VP3-VP7,经转座获得重组杆粒Bacmid-VP2-VP5-VP3-VP7。通过转染Sf9细胞,获得可表达4种蛋白的重组杆状病毒rBac-VP2-VP5-VP3-VP7。经重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞,可共表达蛋白VP2、VP5、VP3和VP7,并通过蔗糖梯度离心制备出具有典型特征的BTV-16病毒样颗粒。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

13.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

17.
正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in  相似文献   

18.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

19.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

20.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

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