宁夏部分地区奶牛犊牛隐孢子虫感染情况调查

为了解宁夏地区犊牛隐孢子虫的感染情况,从3个市8个规模化奶牛场采集272份犊牛粪便样品,利用巢氏PCR技术对18S rRNA基因位点进行检测和分析。结果显示,隐孢子虫的总感染率为12.88%,银川市隐孢子虫感染率为16.89%,吴忠市隐孢子虫感染率为6.94%,石嘴山市隐孢子虫感染率为9.62%,三者差异不显著(P0.05),断奶前、后感染率分别为14.14%,12.14%。序列处理分析发现3种隐孢子虫,分别为牛隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium bovis,C.bovis)、瑞氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium ryanae,C.ryanae)和微小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum,C.parvum),其中C.bovis分离率最高(54.29%)。研究表明这些地区犊牛隐孢子虫感染比较普遍,且感染的虫种有3种,其为深入了解宁夏部分地区隐孢子虫的分子流行情况提供了参考数据。     

西北部分地区藏香猪隐孢子虫感染情况研究

为了解我国西北部分地区藏香猪隐孢子虫的感染和种类分布,从陕西省和青海省采集了共450份藏香猪新鲜粪便样品,基于隐孢子虫18S rRNA基因的分子生物学方法对粪便样品中隐孢子虫感染情况及其种类进行了研究。结果显示,藏香猪隐孢子虫总感染率为14.2%,青海省藏香猪的感染率(23.9%)显著高于陕西省(3.7%)(P0.01);不同年龄段藏香猪隐孢子虫感染率差异显著(P0.01),其中断奶后仔猪感染率(42.9%)最高,而哺乳仔猪和成年猪均未检测到隐孢子虫的感染;序列分析发现,藏香猪的隐孢子虫均为Cryptosporidium scrofarum。研究结果为藏香猪隐孢子虫病的防控提供了基础数据。     

宁夏吴忠市羊隐孢子虫感染情况调查及虫种鉴定

为了解宁夏回族自治区吴忠市羊隐孢子虫病流行情况,从吴忠市的2个规模羊场采集480份粪便样品。提取基因组DNA,用套式PCR扩增隐孢子虫SSUrRNA基因,阳性样品进行测序分析。结果显示,吴忠市羊隐孢子虫感染率为28.3%,其中盐池县绵羊感染率为33.8%,同心县山羊感染率为22.9%;共发现3种隐孢子虫感染,其中肖氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium xiaoi)阳性率最高(62.5%),其次是泛在隐孢子虫(C.ubiquitum)(32.4%),微小隐孢子虫(C.parvum)感染率最低(5.2%);从季节上看,春季感染率最高(49.2%),夏季最低(6.7%);从羊的年龄上看,未断奶羔羊感染率最高(34.4%),而成年羊感染率最低(19.4%);序列比对结果显示,所有阳性样品均在Gen Bank找到100%同源的序列。本研究首次对宁夏羊感染的隐孢子虫进行了分子鉴定,为深入了解宁夏吴忠市羊隐孢子虫病流行情况、制定有效的防控措施提供了依据。     

伊犁河谷新疆褐牛隐孢子虫感染情况调查

为了解伊犁河谷区域新疆褐牛隐孢子虫病流行情况,从该地区的伊宁市和察布查尔锡伯自治县的4个养殖场采集356份粪便样品,提取基因组DNA,以隐孢子虫小亚基核糖体DNA(SSU rDNA)为靶基因,进行套式PCR扩增,并对阳性样品进行序列分析。结果显示:伊宁市和察布查尔锡伯自治县各有1个养殖场的新疆褐牛发现隐孢子虫感染,总的感染率为3.37%,其中伊宁市褐牛的感染率为4.10%,察布查尔锡伯自治县褐牛的感染率为2.48%;序列比对结果显示,存在2种隐孢子虫感染,分别为安氏隐孢子虫(C.andersoni)和瑞氏隐孢子虫(C.ryanae),其中C.andersoni是优势种(91.67%);成年牛的感染率最高(5.59%),而断奶前犊牛未发现隐孢子虫感染;冬季感染率(5.68%)显著高于春季(1.11%)(P<0.05)。本研究首次对伊犁河谷区域新疆褐牛感染的隐孢子虫进行了分子鉴定,发现褐牛的隐孢子虫感染率显著低于我国其他品种牛的感染率。该研究结果为深入了解新疆褐牛隐孢子虫的流行情况,制定有效的防控措施提供了数据支持。     

河南省山羊隐孢子虫流行病学调查

对河南省4个山羊场进行了隐孢子虫病流行病学调查.采集山羊粪样1 017份,以饱和蔗糖漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法检查,结果共检出隐孢子虫卵囊阳性山羊粪样28份,平均感染率为2.75%;有2个山羊场检出隐孢子虫卵囊,场感染率为50%;中牟某羊场阳性率最高,达4.95%;在各年龄段中,2～4月龄山羊隐孢子虫感染率最高,达5.43%;山羊隐孢子虫感染可能与季节有关;所检出的隐孢子虫卵囊经形态学观察,初步鉴定为微小隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum).     

水貂隐孢子虫病流行病学调查及虫种的初步鉴定

为初步了解水貂隐孢子虫病的流行情况,作者于2005年11月份用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法检查了河北省肃宁县某水貂养殖场的469份粪便样品。结果,8份粪便样品为隐孢子虫阳性,总感染率为1.71%(8/469)。其中,白貂感染率为2.15%(5/233)、灰貂感染率为2.08%(1/48)、黑貂感染率为1.06%(2/188)。所查的8份隐孢子虫阳性样品均来自5~6月龄的水貂,表明幼龄水貂容易感染隐孢子虫病而老龄水貂不易感染。另外,8份阳性样品多数来自雄性水貂,显示水貂的隐孢子虫感染可能存在性别的差异性。根据卵囊形态和大小将水貂隐孢子虫初步鉴定为小球隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)。同时,利用所收集的隐孢子虫卵囊进行了小白鼠感染试验,结果表明水貂源隐孢子虫不感染免疫抑制状态下的昆明系小白鼠。     

圈养野生动物隐孢子虫、贾第虫、微孢子虫感染情况调查

为了调查圈养野生动物隐孢子虫、贾第虫、微孢子虫感染情况,笔者采用巢式PCR法对采自成都动物园、碧峰峡动物园、贵阳动物园的野生动物的382份粪便进行了隐孢子虫、贾第虫、微孢子虫检测。结果表明:成都动物园隐孢子虫、贾第虫和微孢子虫的感染率分别为0.51%、3.03%和10.61%;碧峰峡动物园的感染率分别为1.00%、2.00%和22.00%;贵阳动物园的感染率分别为16.67%、20.24%和34.52%。三个园区野生动物均存在机会致病性病原体感染。     

青海省牛隐孢子虫感染状况的调查研究

对青海省牦牛、奶牛和黄牛的281份牛粪样进行隐孢子虫检查,发现隐孢子虫感染率为36.65%,其中牦牛为39.74%、黄牛为35.00%、奶牛为32.73%。犊牛感染率高于成年牛,暖季感染率高于冷季。     

合肥市犬隐孢子虫感染情况初步调查

目的了解合肥市犬隐孢子虫的感染情况。方法在合肥市随机采集不同年龄、性别与饲养条件的犬粪样69份,采用金胺-酚改良抗酸染色法检测粪样隐孢子虫感染情况,并根据卵囊大小和形态,进行虫种鉴定。结果犬隐孢子虫感染率为28.99%。对68个隐孢子虫卵囊进行观察和测量,椭圆形卵囊大小平均为6.20μm×4.34μm,卵囊形状指数平均为1.44,初步鉴定为鼠隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium muris）;近圆形卵囊,大小平均为4.69μm×4.58μm,卵囊形状指数平均为1.125,初步鉴定为微小隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium parvum）。结论犬隐孢子虫的感染率存在年龄差异,年龄越小,感染率越高;饲养管理条件差的犬隐孢子虫感染率高;而隐孢子虫感染率与性别没有关系。     

陕西部分地区秦川牛断奶后犊牛隐孢子虫感染状况

为明确陕西部分地区秦川牛断奶后犊牛隐孢子虫感染率及其种类分布,本试验从杨凌和宝鸡3个秦川牛场采集了113份3~6月龄的犊牛粪便样品,基于隐孢子虫18SrRNA基因位点对其进行PCR检测和序列分析。结果显示,隐孢子虫总感染率为16.8%(19/113),各养殖场的隐孢子虫感染率差异不显著(P0.05);种类鉴定发现了3种隐孢子虫,分别为安氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium andersoni)、瑞氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium ryanae)和牛隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium bovis),其中安氏隐孢子虫为优势虫种,广泛分布于各个养殖场。这些研究结果表明这些地区的秦川牛断奶后犊牛隐孢子虫感染比较普遍,且种类较为复杂。     

Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) infection and selected hematological values of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae), from Brazil

This study aims to establish the hematological values of Crotalus durissus collilineatus snakes captured in Brazil as well as to verify the effects of hematozoan infection on these snakes. Eighty-three blood samples were drawn from C. d. collilineatus specimens for analysis. The sample set was composed of 30 males and 30 females, recently caught from the wild, and 11 males and 12 females bred in captivity. Blood samples were used to determine red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, thrombocyte counts, hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentration, and total plasma protein. Blood smears were used to diagnose Hepatozoon spp. infection and to calculate the parasitic load in the sample as well as the percentage of immature red cells. Results obtained for the wild-caught animals, with and without parasites, were compared among themselves and with the values obtained for the captive-bred animals. Hematological values for C. durissus were established. Wild-caught snakes had an infection rate of 38.3%, while no Hepatozoon sp. infection was detected in the captive-bred animals. The snakes which were not infected by the Hepatozoon sp. exhibited average weight, length, and weight-length ratios higher than those of the infected animals. An increase in immature red cells was noted in the Hepatozoon-infected snakes.     

岳阳市野生动物寄生虫感染情况调查

运用反复水洗沉淀法检测了114副野生动物内脏（野生蛇63副、野生兔32副和獾猪19副）的寄生虫感染情况,共发现线虫1950条,绦虫2条,线虫平均感染率为64.91%（74/114）,绦虫平均感染率为1.75%（1/114）;野生蛇、野生兔和獾猪的线虫感染率分别为：60.32%（38/63）、75.0%（24/32）和63.16%（12/19）。可见,岳阳市市场野生蛇、野生兔和獾猪的寄生虫感染情况较为严重,其中主要以线虫感染为主。本次对岳阳市野生动物寄生虫的种类、感染情况及其危害的调查,为岳阳市自然保护区野生动物保护和人类公共卫生健康提供理论依据。     

Hematology,morphology, cytochemical staining,and ultrastuctural characteristics of blood cells in king cobras (Ophiophagus hannah)

Background — King cobras (Ophiophagus hannah) have been captive‐bred at Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute since 1996 to supply venom for antivenom production. Hematologic tests would be useful for evaluating the health of the snakes, however, basic hematologic data and morphology have not been described for this species. Objective — The purpose of this study was to determine basic hematologic values and evaluate light microscopic, cytochemical, and electron microscopic characteristics of king cobra blood cells. Methods — Blood samples from 13 wild‐caught and 15 captive‐bred king cobras were collected into EDTA from the ventral caudal vein. A CBC was done using standard methods. Significant differences between groups were determined using t‐tests. Cytochemical stains (periodic acid‐Schiff [PAS], Sudan black B [SBB], a‐naphthyl acetate esterase [ANAE], acid phosphatase [AcP], and p‐glucuronidase [p‐glu]), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were done using standard techniques. Results — Eighteen snakes (64.3%) were positive for Hepatozoon infection. Hepatozoon organisms were detected nearly twice as frequently in wild‐caught (11/13) as in captive‐bred (7/15) snakes.Total WBC, azurophil, and lymphocyte counts were higher and fib‐rinogen concentration was lower in Hepatozoon‐positive snakes. Captive‐bred snakes had higher RBC values, lower azurophil, het‐erophil and punctate reticulocyte percentages, and higher lymphocyte numbers compared with wild‐caught snakes. Lymphocytes were the most commonly observed WBCs, and stained positive with PAS, ANAE, AcP, and (3–glu. Azurophil granules stained positive with SBB, PAS, and ANAE. Heterophils were the largest WBCs; their granules stained with SBB, ANAE, and (3–glu. Basophil granules stained with PAS, SBB, ANAE, and (3–glu. Thrombocytes were strongly positive with PAS. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed organelles within all WBCs except eosinophils and revealed the gamonts of Hepatozoon sp in RBCs and azurophils. Conclusions — These results provide comparative hematologic data and a guide for identification of blood cells in wild‐caught and captive‐bred king cobra snakes. Hepatozoon infection was relatively common, but was not associated with severe hematologic abnormalities.     

Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis without gastritis in rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) and a common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).

An epizootic of severe Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis occurred in a group of 15 wild-caught juvenile rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) at the Baltimore Zoo quarantine facility. All of the animals died with no premonitory signs. Histopathologic examination of the small and proximal large intestine of eight of the green snakes showed moderate to severe Cryptosporidium sp. infection and enteritis characterized by dense heterophilic and lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates throughout the lamina propria with epithelial necrosis. Cryptosporidium sp. was also found in feces of an adult common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) that was wild caught on zoo grounds and held in quarantine during the epizootic. After euthanasia, histologic examination of the garter snake showed a severe small intestinal Cryptosporidium sp. infection with only mild enteritis consisting of sparse heterophilic and lymphocytic infiltrates. There was no gross or histologic evidence of Cryptosporidium sp. gastritis in the nine snakes evaluated, and this is the first report of Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis in snakes without gastric lesions.     

长沙市蛇寄生钩虫感染情况调查

为了解湖南省长沙市蛇寄生钩虫感染情况,2009年3月~2010年1月,在长沙市2个主要的蛇来源市场随机抽取180条蛇进行寄生钩虫感染情况调查。结果显示,124条蛇体内检测到钩虫,感染率为68.89%;2个市场的感染率分别为75%、58.82%。可见,长沙市钩虫感染比较严重,开展钩虫病的预防工作十分必要。     

猎豹与虎猫杯状病毒的分离及其超变区基因比较研究

用F81细胞从上海某动物园患口腔溃疡的猎豹和虎的唾液病料中分离获得两株杯状病毒，经形态学、理化学、生物学鉴定和病毒核酸超变区基因RT-PCR扩增与序列测定证明两株病毒均为猫杯状病毒(FCV)，分别命名为FCV/cheetah/Shanghai/02/2002与FCV／tiger/Shanghai／03/2002。人工感染猫可引起体温升高，口腔溃疡，食欲下降等症状。两株病毒的超变区序列520bp长片段问的同源性为99.2％，与国内桂林虎分离株(TFCV9710)的同源性为74．0％，与国外分离株的总体同源性为58．1％，说明不同宿主或同种不同个体间杯状病毒分离株超变区核酸差异十分显著，符合猫杯状病毒的分子生物学特征。     

Western Equine Encephalitis in Saskatchewan Reptiles and Amphibians, 1961-1963

Western equine encephalitis (WEE) antibodies were found in blood samples from garter snakes and leopard frogs collected in Saskatchewan but WEE virus was not recovered from any of the specimens. Evidence of natural WEE infection in snakes was found in 8 different localities while in frogs in two only. Experimentally, garter snakes were readily infected and developed a high, relatively sustained viremia without signs of disease. After experimental exposure, viremia persisted regularly for 10 to 12 days, while the longest observed duration of viremia was 30 days. Anamnestic responses were elicited in snakes as a result of second inoculations of virus after the antibody levels from first exposures had fallen. Newborn snakes were observed to be more sensitive to infection than adults. The possibility of virus and antibody transmission from infected pregnant garter snakes to their offspring was investigated. Snakes and frogs were both susceptible to infection by the oral route. Two bull snakes collected at Steveville, Alberta, were found to have antibody for St. Louis Encephalitis virus.     

Spatial distribution of Trichinella britovi, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis of domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Hungary

Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of raw meat and raw meat-derived products from swine, horse and some game animals infected with nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. Between June 2006 and February 2011, 16 million domestic pigs and 0.22 million wild boars (Sus scrofa) were tested for Trichinella sp. in Hungary. Trichinella infection was not found in any pigs slaughtered for public consumption. Nevertheless, Trichinella spiralis was detected in four backyard pigs when trace back was done following a family outbreak. Trichinella infection was demonstrated in 17 wild boars (0.0077%). Larvae from wild boars were identified as Trichinella britovi (64.7%), T. spiralis (29.4%) and Trichinella pseudospiralis (5.9%). Although the prevalence of Trichinella sp. infection in wild boars and domestic pigs is very low, the spatial analysis reveals that the level of risk differs by region in Hungary. Most of the T. britovi infected wild boars (63.6%) were shot in the north-eastern mountain area of Hungary; whereas domestic pigs and wild boars infected with T. spiralis were detected only in the southern counties bordering Croatia and Romania. In the north-western and central counties, the prevalence of Trichinella infection seems to be negligible.     

Parasites in pet reptiles

Exotic reptiles originating from the wild can be carriers of many different pathogens and some of them can infect humans. Reptiles imported into Slovenia from 2000 to 2005, specimens of native species taken from the wild and captive bred species were investigated. A total of 949 reptiles (55 snakes, 331 lizards and 563 turtles), belonging to 68 different species, were examined for the presence of endoparasites and ectoparasites. Twelve different groups (Nematoda (5), Trematoda (1), Acanthocephala (1), Pentastomida (1) and Protozoa (4)) of endoparasites were determined in 26 (47.3%) of 55 examined snakes. In snakes two different species of ectoparasites were also found. Among the tested lizards eighteen different groups (Nematoda (8), Cestoda (1), Trematoda (1), Acanthocephala (1), Pentastomida (1) and Protozoa (6)) of endoparasites in 252 (76.1%) of 331 examined animals were found. One Trombiculid ectoparasite was determined. In 563 of examined turtles eight different groups (Nematoda (4), Cestoda (1), Trematoda (1) and Protozoa (2)) of endoparasites were determined in 498 (88.5%) animals. In examined turtles three different species of ectoparasites were seen. The established prevalence of various parasites in reptiles used as pet animals indicates the need for examination on specific pathogens prior to introduction to owners.