血清4型鸭疫里默氏杆菌在我国的发现及其病原特性研究

本文首次报道了血清4型鸭疫里默氏杆菌在中国的发现。1994年1月至2000年10月，从全国28个省（市、自治区）不同代次（原种、祖代、父母代和商品代）的5－90日龄患有典型鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的病死鸭分离到146株血清4型的鸭疫里默氏杆菌。对其病原学特性进行研究的结果表明，血清4型的鸭疫里默氏杆菌在我国鸭群感染分布的范围极广，分离菌株对雏鸭具有很强的致病性，对小鼠无致病性，各在分离菌株表现出一致的形态特征和非常相似的生理生化特性；各地分离菌株耐药谱很广，但对头孢类药物（如头孢拉啶、头孢克洛等）和利福平却普遍高度敏感。用分离菌株制备的灭活疫苗免疫雏鸭具有良好的免疫原性。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌血清7型的病原特性

1994年1月～2000年10月,从全国23个省(市、自治区)不同代次(原种、祖代、父母代和商品代)的5～90日龄患有典型鸭传染性浆膜炎的病死鸭分离到87株血清7型的鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerella anatipestifer,RA).对其病原学特性研究的结果表明,血清7型RA在我国鸭群感染分布的范围极广,分离菌株对雏鸭具有很强的致病性,对小鼠无致病性,各地分离菌株表现出一致的形态特征和非常相似的生化特性;各地分离菌株耐药谱很广,但对头孢类药物(如头孢拉啶、头孢克洛等)和利福平却普遍高度敏感.用分离菌株制备的灭活疫苗免疫雏鸭具有良好的免疫原性.     

血清3型鸭疫里默氏杆菌在我国的发现及其病原特性研究

1994年1月－2000年10月，从全国28个省（市、自治区）不同代次（原种、祖代、父母代和商品代）的5－90日龄患有典型鸭传染性浆膜炎的病死鸭分离到102株血清3型的鸭疫里默氏杆菌。分离菌株对雏鸭具有很强的致病性，各分离菌株表现出一致的形态特征和非常相似的生理生化特性，耐药谱也很广。但各分离株对头孢类药物（如头孢拉啶、头孢克洛等）和利福平却普遍高度敏感。用分离菌株制备的灭活疫苗免疫雏鸭具有良好的免疫原性。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌血清7型的病原特性

1994年1月-2000年10月，从全国23个省(市、自治区)不同代次(原种、祖代、父母代和商品代)的5—90日龄患有典型鸭传染性浆膜炎的病死鸭分离到87株血清7型的鸭疫里默氏杆菌(Riemerell anatipestifer，RA)。对其病原学特性研究的结果表明，血清7型RA在我国鸭群感染分布的范围极广，分离菌株对雏鸡具有很强的致病性，对小鼠无致病性，各地分离菌株表现出一致的形态特征和非常相似的生化特性；各地分离菌株耐药谱很广，但对头孢类药物(如头孢拉啶、头孢克洛等)和利福平却普遍高度敏感。用分离菌株制备的灭活疫苗免疫雏鸡具有良好的免疫原性。     

血清5型鸭疫里氏杆菌在我国的发现及其病原特性研究

1994年1月至2000年10月，从全国25个省、自治区、直辖市的5－90日龄患典型鸭疫里氏杆菌病的种鸭和商品鸭中分离到89株血清5型鸭疫里氏杆菌。对其病原学特性研究结果表明，血清5型鸭疫里氏杆菌病在我国鸭群感染范围极广；分离菌株对雏鸭具有很强的致病性，对小白鼠无致病性；各地分离菌株表现出一致的形态特征和非常相似的生理生化特性；各地分离力株耐药谱很广，但对头孢类药物和利福平高度敏感。用分离菌株制备的灭活疫苗免疫雏鸭具有很好的免疫原性。     

重庆和四川地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌流行动态研究

对2004年9月至2005年5月收集的鸭疫里默氏杆菌感染浆膜炎病例进行了流行病学调查，结果分离到57株鸭疫里默氏杆菌，经凝集试验和琼脂扩散试验证明分属8个不同的血清型，其中AF、BSY、DZ是主要血清型。分离菌株对雏鸭有很强的致病性；各地分离菌株表现一致的形态特征和相似的生理生化特性；耐药谱很广，但对头孢唑啉、环丙沙星、丁氨卡那、利福平为高度敏感。     

血清15型鹅源鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离鉴定及交叉免疫保护研究

本研究对安徽省某鹅场急性死亡的雏鹅进行了细菌分离鉴定,无菌采集病死鹅肝脏、脑和心包液,经过培养特性观察、染色镜检、生化特性检测以及16S rRNA和血清学检测,鉴定病原菌为血清15型鸭疫里默氏杆菌,命名为LAG1株。该分离菌株对四环素类药物敏感,而对卡那霉素等耐药;对雏鸭的致病性强,半数致死量(LD50)测定为7.75×103CFU/只;交叉免疫保护试验结果显示LAG1灭活油乳剂疫苗对自身菌株攻毒的免疫保护率可达80%以上,对血清10型鸭疫里默氏杆菌HXb2攻毒的保护率可达70%,对血清1型鸭疫里默氏杆菌WJ4和血清2型鸭疫里默氏杆菌Yb2攻毒的保护率低于20%。本研究结果可为安徽省养鹅业鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的防治工作提供参考。     

河北故城地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离鉴定和血清型分析

对河北省故城地区送检的疑似鸭疫里默氏杆菌感染发病的病鸭进行病原菌的分离鉴定,根据培养特性和生化鉴定结果鉴定出13株鸭疫里默氏杆菌,并对分离菌进行了血清型鉴定和药物敏感试验;经玻片凝集试验和琼脂扩散试验得出血清1型5株,血清2型4株,血清6型1株,血清10型1株,还有2株未定型。试验证明血清1、2型是目前故城地区鸭疫里默氏杆菌的主要流行血清型,分离菌株对雏鸭有很强的致病性且耐药谱较广,但对氧氟沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星和氟苯尼考较为敏感。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌病的病原学特性研究

2001年6月至2002年4月，从浙江省7个地、市患典型鸭疫里氏杆菌病的不同品种病死分离到20株鸭疫里氏杆菌（RA），所分离菌株对各品种雏鸭具有很强的致病性，各分离菌株表现出一致的形态特征和正常相似的生理生化特性。     

珠三角地区鸭疫里默菌主要生物学特性研究

为明确珠三角地区鸭疫里默菌的主要生物学特性,对从珠三角地区分离到的87株鸭疫里默菌进行生化试验、玻片凝集试验、药敏试验、致病性检测及16 S rRNA基因测序,以比较相互间的生物学特性及其同源性.结果表明,分离株的生化特性基本一致;血清型以2型为主,占65.5％,其次是1型,占14.9％,此外还有16株未定型,占18.4％;代表株对雏鸭具有很强的致病性,对头孢类药物（头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、头孢唑林）非常敏感,而对常用抗菌药物（青霉素、氨苄西林、氯霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素）普遍耐药;本试验检测的19株代表菌的16 S rRNA基因序列的同源性较高,16 S rRNA基因与菌株的血清型和致病性无直接关系.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.