巴贝斯虫体外培养技术及其应用的研究进展

体外培养巴贝斯虫的工作起始于1978年，由Frp等采用悬浮培养（Suspensionculture，又称旋转培养SpinnerflaskmethodSFM）成功地进行了牛巴贝斯虫的体外培养，但培养中红细胞染虫率不高。1980年，Levy等仿照Trager（1976）培养恶性疟原虫的技术建立了微气静相培养技术（MicroaerophilousstationaryphasecultureMASP），实现了牛巴贝斯虫的体外连续培养并得到了理想的结果。之后，该方法被迅速应用于双芽巴贝斯虫、分歧巴贝斯虫、大巴贝斯虫、犬巴贝斯虫、隐藏巴贝斯虫、马巴贝斯虫等多种巴贝斯虫的体外培养均获成功。目前，该方法已被…     

牛双芽巴贝斯虫PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

根据PCR技术原理,建立起了牛双芽巴贝斯虫病PCR检测方法,并测定出该方法的敏感性为108.66 fg。特异性试验表明,除牛双芽巴贝斯虫出现特异扩增带(295 bp)外,其他的虫株均未出现特异性扩增带。采用PCR检测方法,通过对35份牛血样的检测,测得牛双芽巴贝斯虫病的阳性率为28.57%(10/35),说明PCR方法敏感性强、特异性高,不失为牛双芽巴贝斯虫病临床诊断的好方法。     

肉牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病的防治

自2020年11月以来,本地一些大型肉牛场和部分肉牛养殖户的肉牛时常发生双芽巴贝斯焦虫病,该病的特点是双芽巴贝斯焦虫寄生于肉牛的红细胞内引起病牛以发热、厌食、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为特征的一种疾病。该病对四环素等抗菌药物不敏感。1病原肉牛双芽巴贝斯焦虫病的病原是双芽巴贝斯血焦虫,呈环状、椭圆形、梨形等形状,每个虫体有两个染色质块。     

甘肃省部分牛羊血液原虫传播媒介的实验研究

利用蜱传播试验,确定了甘肃省一些牛羊血液原虫的媒介和传播方式。甘肃省牛的双芽巴贝斯虫媒介为微小牛蜱。大巴贝斯虫媒介为长角血蜱。瑟氏泰 勒虫媒介为长角血蜱;绵羊无浆体的媒介为草原革蜱。微小牛蜱、长角血蜱可分别传播双芽巴贝斯虫和大巴贝斯虫,传播方式为经卵传递。将采集于甘肃文县牛体上的微小牛蜱和两当县的长角血蜱饱血雌虫孵育而来的次代幼虫分别叮咬除脾牛体后,２头牛各自感染双芽巴贝斯虫或大巴贝斯虫。将采自崇     

新疆和静县和吐鲁番地区牛感染巴贝斯虫病的血清学调查

为了解双芽巴贝斯虫和牛巴贝斯虫在新疆疫区牛感染的状况,从吐鲁番市周边散养户、和静县部分散养户采集了273份牛(牦牛)血清。采用间接ELISA方法对血清样本进行牛巴贝斯虫和双芽巴贝斯虫抗体检测。结果显示:和静县部分散养户被检牦牛血清抗牛巴贝斯虫(B.bovis)抗体阳性率为18.68%(17/91);被检牦牛血清抗双芽巴贝斯虫(B.bigemina)抗体阳性率为9.89%(9/91)。吐鲁番市周边散养户被检奶牛血清抗牛巴贝斯虫(B.bovis)抗体阳性率为15.38%(28/182);被检奶牛血清抗双芽巴贝斯虫(B.bigemina)抗体阳性率为9.34%(17/182)。通过调查发现牛巴贝斯虫和双芽巴贝斯虫均有混合感染的现象,其中和静牦牛混合感染率为6.59%(6/91);吐鲁番奶牛混合感染率为8.24%(15/182);不同品种牛均可感染牛巴贝斯虫和双芽巴贝斯虫,其感染程度及感染率具有一定的差异。本次试验结果可为有效防治新疆疫区牛梨形虫病提供重要依据。     

水牛牛巴贝斯虫体外培养的研究：Ⅱ.冷冻血清的应用和筛选

应用冷冻血清对１株采自自然感染的水牛牛巴贝斯虫进行了长达７２ｄ的体外连续培养，共继代２０次，培养７２ｈ红细胞染虫率最高达１４．１％，平均为８％～１０％。培养２０ｄ和３０ｄ的牛巴贝斯虫经液氮保存复苏后，接种于去脾水牛犊均引发了严重的牛巴贝斯虫病，从而说明已建立了水牛牛巴贝斯虫的体外连续培养，且经培养后的牛巴贝斯虫致病力没有改变。本试验利用６头份的冷冻健康水牛血清同时进行培养，结果发现，并非所有的健康水牛血清均适合于体外培养牛巴贝斯虫。这一发现对建立水牛牛巴贝斯虫的体外培养和研究水牛牛巴贝斯虫病均具有重要意义     

奶牛焦虫病的防治报告

牛焦虫病也叫巴贝斯虫病或梨形虫病,是由双芽巴贝斯虫、牛巴贝斯虫和卵圆巴贝斯虫寄生于牛红细胞内的血液原虫病。临床上以高热稽留、严重贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿、迅速     

从日本牛体分离的卵形巴贝斯虫新种

从日本牛体分离的卵形巴贝斯虫新种译者白启作者南,哲郎,石原忠雄除冲绳本岛而外,对从日本牛体分离的巴贝斯虫未定种作了鉴定。与双芽巴贝斯虫（Ｂａｂｅｓｉａｂｉｇｅｍｉｎａ）、牛巴贝斯虫（Ｂ．ｂｏｖｉｓ）、分歧巴贝斯虫（Ｂ．ｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｓ）和大巴贝斯虫...     

双芽巴贝斯虫实验感染研究

本文探讨了双芽巴贝斯虫的实验感染方法。 1.用血涂片镜检很难找到虫体的双芽巴贝斯虫自然感染发病牛血,或3%的人工感染发病牛血,静脉或皮下接种健康摘脾牛或未摘脾牛,丙嗪和地塞米松,成功地感染了三头试验牛。或感染率0.01%。辅以皮下注射氯 2.从自然感染病牛身上采集饱血的微小牛蜱雌蜱,实验室条件下产卵並孵出幼蜱,在冬季以饥饿幼蜱叮咬方式成功地感染了健康小牛一头,成为双芽巴贝斯虫经卵传播的例证。     

新疆牦牛双芽巴贝斯虫及蠕虫感染情况的调查

为了调查新疆部分牧场自然放牧牦牛感染双芽巴贝斯虫及蠕虫的种类、感染率和危害,采用病原学常规方法和免疫学方法 (间接ELISA试剂盒),对巴音布鲁克和104团三分场的210头牦牛进行了双芽巴贝斯虫病及蠕虫感染流行情况的调查。结果:巴音布鲁克地区牦牛双芽巴贝斯虫的阳性率为18.68%(17/91),而蠕虫感染率为46.15%(42/91);乌市104团三分牧场牦牛双芽巴贝斯虫的阳性率为19.33%(23/119),而其蠕虫感染率为81.51%(97/119)。结果说明在被检样品来源区的牛类动物均感染双芽巴贝斯虫和蠕虫,应该加强防范。     

Characterization of a repetitive DNA probe for Babesia bigemina

A plasmid (p16) containing a Babesia bigemina DNA insert was selected and labeled with 32P. This probe was evaluated for specificity and sensitivity by dot blot hybridization. The probe was specific and hybridized with only Babesia bigemina DNA, and not DNA from Babesia bovis, bovine leukocyte, Trypanosoma brucei or Anaplasma marginale. The DNA probe detected as little as 10 pg of Babesia bigemina DNA. The probe hybridized with Babesia bigemina isolates from Mexico, the Caribbean region and Kenya. Genomic Babesia bigemina DNA of a Kenyan isolate was digested with restriction endonucleases, and the fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis and Southern blotted. The filter was hybridized with labeled p16 and each endonuclease digestion produced at least 16 resolvable DNA fragments. The inserted Babesia bigemina DNA was approximately 6.3 kb in size. A partial restriction map was constructed. A simple whole blood dot blot procedure was utilized to evaluate the sensitivity of the DNA probe. This probe would detect as few as 150 Babesia bigemina infected erythrocytes contained in a 1-microliter sample. The DNA probe has the potential to be a very sensitive and specific diagnostic tool.     

Comparison of blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques in detection of haemoparasite infections in trade cattle in Nigeria

The incidence of blood parasites in trade cattle was surveyed with emphasis on tick-borne parasites, using blood smears and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques. With the blood smear method, about 9 and 8.9% of cattle examined were found positive for Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, respectively. Percentage infections with other parasites were 3.33, 1.92, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively, for Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma brucei, Anaplasma centrale, Eperythrozoon and Theileria species as well as Trypanosoma congolense. The incidence of A. marginale infection was at its peak during the rainy season while B. bigemina was most prevalent during the dry season. There were mixed infections of Anaplasma and Babesia (1.42%); Babesia and trypanosomes (1.00%); Babesia and Eperythrozoon (0.75%) and Babesia and Theileria (0.75%). Using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, 93, 55 and 68% of cattle sera examined were found to be positive for B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale, respectively. Forty-nine percent of the positive sera of B. bigemina had highest titres. The importance of using serological means for determining the endemic levels of tick-borne diseases in cattle in Nigeria is discussed.     

Transmission of Babesia spp by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) to cattle treated with injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin to prevent transmission of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina by Boophilus microplus to cattle under conditions of relatively intense experimental challenge. DESIGN: Naive Bos taurus calves were treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of either ivermectin or moxidectin and then exposed to larvae of B microplus infected with B bovis or larvae or adults of B microplus infected with B bigemina. One calf was used for each combination of haemoparasite, B microplus life stage, drug and application route. PROCEDURE: Groups of calves were treated with the test drugs in either pour-on or injectable formulation and then infested with B microplus larvae infected with B bovis or B bigemina. B bigemina infected adult male ticks grown on an untreated calf were later transferred to a fourth group of animals. Infections were monitored via peripheral blood smears to determine haemoparasite transmission. RESULTS: Cattle treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin became infected with B bovis after infestation with infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with B bigemina survived to the nymphal stage to transmit the haemoparasite to animals treated with each drug preparation. Cattle treated with pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin then infested with adult male ticks infected with B bigemina did not become infected with B bigemina whereas those treated with the injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin did show a parasitaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin do not prevent transmission of Babesia to cattle by B microplus. Use of these drugs can therefore not be recommended as a primary means of protecting susceptible cattle from the risk of Babesia infection.     

Comparison of different direct diagnostic methods to identify Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in animals vaccinated with live attenuated parasites

Blood smear examination, flow cytometry, duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and duplex nested PCR (nPCR) were evaluated for detection of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis infections in cattle vaccinated with live attenuated strains. Two groups of four cattle were immunized with either B. bigemina (Bi) or B. bovis (Bo). On day 23 post inoculation (PI), Bi cattle were vaccinated with B. bovis (BiBo) and Bo cattle were vaccinated with B. bigemina (BoBi). Babesia bigemina was first detected by blood smear examination 7.5+/-3.5 days PI in the Bi group and 32.2+/-1.7 days PI in the BoBi group. The first occurrence of B. bovis in blood smears was 8.0 days PI in the Bo group and 36.0+/-2.6 days PI in the BiBo group. Flow cytometry detected parasitized erythrocytes on day 1.7+/-1.5 and 2.2+/-1.5 PI in the Bi and Bo groups, respectively, but did not discriminate between the two Babesia spp. Duplex PCR detected B. bigemina on day 4.0+/-0.8 and 26.0+/-0.8 PI in the Bi and BoBi groups, respectively, and B. bovis on day 4.0 and 25.3+/-0.5 PI in the Bo and BiBo groups, respectively. The duplex nPCR detected B. bigemina on 3.0+/-0.8 and 25.0+/-0.0 days PI in the Bi and BoBi groups, respectively, and 4.7+/-1.7 and 27.7+/-6.2 days PI in the Bo and BiBo groups, respectively. Duplex nPCR outperformed the other tests in terms of specificity and sensitivity, indicating that it is the most useful method for identifying Babesia spp. in cattle following vaccination.     

Babesia bovis and B. bigemina DNA detected in cattle and ticks from Zimbabwe by polymerase chain reaction

From blood collected from 94 cattle at 12 locations in the eastern and northeastern areas of Zimbabwe, DNA was extracted and analysed by polymerase chain reaction with primers previously reported to be specific for Babesia bigemina and Babesia borvis. Overall, DNA of Babesia bigemina was detected in the blood of 33/94 (35%) cattle and DNA from B. bovis was detected in 27/58 (47%) of cattle. The prevalence of DNA of B. bigemina was significantly higher in young animals (<2 years) (23/46) than in animals over 2 years of age (10/48; chi2= 8.77; P <0.01%). Although tick sampling was not thorough, Boophilus decoloratus could be collected at 7/9 sites sampled and Boophilus microplus at 4/9 sites. Of the 20 B. decoloratus allowed to oviposit before PCR analysis, 1 (5%) contained DNA that could be amplified with primers for B. bigemina while 12 (60%) were positive with primers for B. bovis. Of the B. microplus allowed to oviposit, 11/16 (69%) were positive for B. bovis DNA by PCR and 2/16 (12%) were positive for B. bigemina.     

快速检测双芽巴贝斯虫LAMP方法的建立

为提高双芽巴贝斯虫(Babesia bigemina)检出率,本研究采用环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)建立一种快速、灵敏、特异的B.bigemina检测方法。根据GenBank上公布的Babesia bigemina细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,cyt b)基因序列,设计4条特异地识别B.bigemina的cyt b基因6个特殊区域的LAMP引物,优化反应体系和条件,在Bst DNA聚合酶的作用下,65 ℃反应60 min,加入SYBR Green Ⅰ后观察。结果表明,该LAMP检测方法特异性强,与牛巴贝斯虫(Babesia bovis)等DNA不发生交叉反应;敏感性高,对B.bigemina的cyt b基因最小检测值为0.085 fg/μL,是一般PCR方法的1000倍。该方法具有简单、快速、低成本的特点,可用于B.bigemina的基层现场快速检测。     

Comparison of diagnostic methods to detect piroplasms in asymptomatic cattle

This study was carried out to compare different diagnostic techniques to reveal the presence of piroplasms in asymptomatic cattle kept at pasture. Nineteen blood samples were collected from animals of two different areas of Emilia Romagna Region of Italy and processed for microscopic observation, PCR, serological test (IFAT) for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina antibodies and in vitro cultivation. The cultures were performed on both bovine and ovine erythrocytes. Seventeen blood smears (89%) were positive for piroplasms, while PCR was positive on 18 samples (95%). DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA identified the piroplasms as Theileria spp. In vitro cultures were successful for 6 samples (32%) cultured on bovine blood and subsequent identified these as Babesia major by PCR. On IFAT analyses of 16 samples, 36.8% resulted positive for B. bovis and 31.6% positive for B. bigemina. These results show, in the same animals, the co-infection with Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.; the detection of B. major was possible only using the in vitro cultures.     

Detection of Babesia bigemina infection in strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from outbreaks in south Texas

The sudden death of several cattle infested experimentally with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus led to a clinical investigation into the reasons for the unexpected mortality. Microscopic evidence for Babesia bigemina infection was found in blood smears from the affected animals and a PCR assay was designed to detect the presence of B. bigemina and Babesia bovis in all R. microplus strains received and propagated at the laboratory. The assay utilizes a nested PCR approach with the first PCR amplifying a well-conserved segment from the Babesia 18S ribosomal RNA gene followed by a nested PCR with Babesia species-specific primers and annealing temperatures enabling amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene fragment specific to either B. bigemina or B. bovis. DNA from groups of 50 larvae was extracted using a rapid DNA preparation protocol, which consisted of grinding the frozen tick larvae in PCR buffer and boiling the mixture for 5min. The assay sensitivity allowed for the detection of the equivalent of a single infected tick larva. R. microplus eggs were also analyzed, but yolk protein viscosity created inconsistent results with the crush and boil DNA isolation protocol, necessitating the use of a more extensive proteinase K digestion-based DNA purification method. We detected the presence of B. bigemina in all strains of R. microplus currently reared at the laboratory and 4 of 26 strains collected from infestation outbreaks in Texas by the U.S. Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program.     

Detection of Babesia bigemina in cattle of different genetic groups and in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick

Babesia bigemina infections were investigated in four genetic groups of beef cattle and in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged female ticks. Blood samples and engorged female ticks were collected from 15 cows and 15 calves from each of the following genetic groups: Nelore, Angus x Nelore, Canchim x Nelore, and Simmental x Nelore. Microscopic examination of blood smears and tick hemolymph revealed that merozoites of B. bigemina (6/60) as well as kinetes of Babesia spp. (9/549) were only detected in samples (blood and ticks, respectively) originated from calves. PCR-based methods using primers for specific detection of B. bigemina revealed 100% infection in both calves and cows, regardless the genetic group. Tick infection was detected by nested-PCR amplifications showing that the frequency of B. bigemina was higher (P<0.01) in female ticks collected from calves (134/549) than in those collected from cows (52/553). The frequency of B. bigemina was similar in ticks collected from animals, either cows or calves, of the four genetic groups (P>0.05).     

Genetic detection of Babesia bigemina from Mongolian cattle using apical membrane antigen-1 gene-based PCR assay

We developed a new nested PCR (nPCR) assay based on the Babesia bigemina apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) gene sequence for parasite-specific detection. The primers were designed to amplify 738-bp and 211-bp fragments of the AMA-1 gene by primary and nested PCRs, respectively. The assay was proven to be specific for the B. bigemina, whereas the previously established SpeI-AvaI nPCR assay amplified not only the target fragment of B. bigemina but also a homologous one from Babesia ovata. The AMA-1 nPCR assay was also evaluated using field DNA samples extracted from 266 bovine blood samples collected from Mongolia in 2010. In a comparative evaluation, 90 (33.8%) and 25 (9.4%) of the blood samples showed positive reactions for B. bigemina by the SpeI-AvaI nPCR and AMA-1 nPCR assays, respectively. The sequencing analysis of the nPCR products confirmed that the AMA-1 nPCR method had specifically detected the target B. bigemina DNA. However, 4 different kinds of sequences were determined among the SpeI-AvaI nPCR amplicons. Two of them were derived from B. bigemina and B. ovata, while the origins of the others were unknown. In the current study, the presence of B. bigemina was clearly demonstrated among Mongolian cattle populations by the current nPCR assay for the first time. Furthermore, our findings also indicate that the AMA-1 nPCR assay may be a useful diagnostic tool for the specific detection of B. bigemina.