山东烟台高尔夫球场草坪养护情况调研报告

草坪是高尔夫球场的主要组成部分,它既是俱乐部正常运营的基础,也是竞技运动的规范标准。对此,在2008年7月对山东烟台高尔夫球场各区域的草坪分为果岭、发球台和球道3个部分来调查。结果表明营业中的高尔夫球场草地养护是决定球场质量的重要途径,草地养护中修剪、施肥、灌溉要严格把关。草坪养护中草种根据不同的水热条件来选择不同的草种及处理方法;高尔夫球场草坪因环境、气候、建筑、园林、给排水等环境因素都会影响到草坪草能否合理生长。     

过渡带气候区高尔夫球场草种的适应性及综合质量评价

基于中国南方过渡带气候区的特点,依据高尔夫球场对草坪草种选择的基本要求和各草坪草种(品种)的生物学特性,选择过渡带气候区长沙为试验点,以10个常用的草坪草品种(系)为研究对象,按照美国USGA标准建立试验坪床进行草坪建植,采用3个一级质量指标和10个二级指标,利用模糊综合评价法对10个草坪草品种建植的草坪进行草坪质量的综合评价。研究结果表明:在过渡带长沙地区,海滨雀稗‘Salam’、‘天堂草328’、‘老鹰草’和‘运动百慕大’等草坪草品种的草坪综合质量等级为V级,表现优秀,适合用于对草坪质量要求高的果岭区域;海滨雀稗‘海浪’和‘09-1’的草坪综合质量为IV级,表现良好,适用于对草坪质量要求较高的球道;综合评价等级相对较低的为结缕草和匍匐剪股颖,其不适合在湖南地区的高尔夫球场使用。     

高尔夫球场不同草坪土壤重金属的富集及分析-以东山球场为例

为探讨高尔球场草坪养护对土壤重金属含量的影响。系统采集了球场中球道、发球台、果岭耕作层及犁底层的土壤共20个样品,分析了三种草坪不同深度土壤中Cr,Ni,As,Cd,Hg,Pb,Cu的垂直含量和水平含量。结果显示:研究区域内,除了球道土壤中的As、Hg及果岭土壤中的Cd之外,其他地点的重金属基本上都是犁底层耕作层。球道、发球台、果岭的耕作层及犁底层重金属含量无显著差异。但从两个深度重金属的平均含量看,Cd,Pb,Cu的平均含量呈现球道发球台果岭;Hg,Ni的平均含量呈现发球台球道果岭;Cr的平均含量呈现果岭球道发球台;As的平均含量呈现球道果岭发球台。高尔夫球场草坪土壤中As、Pb两种重金属含量未超国家标准限值,但高出背景值。Cd,Hg及球道犁底层、果岭耕作层的Cr含量既超过国家标准限值又超过背景值,富集严重。球场草坪土壤中重金属的垂直分布主要受施用化肥及降雨量的影响,而不同草坪土壤重金属的含量则与球场施用化肥的品质有关。     

特殊作业对高尔夫球场果岭质量的影响

研究了疏草、打孔、铺沙、滚压等特殊培育措施对高尔夫球场果岭草坪的外观及功能质量的影响。结果表明:上述培育措施可以明显提高果岭草坪的密度、叶片宽度、回弹性和果岭速度,且前3项指标与果岭速度存在着密切的相关关系。     

高尔夫球场草坪与稻麦轮作田农药使用比较调查与分析

以上海市高尔夫球场和稻麦两熟制农田为研究对象,对高尔夫球场果岭、球道和发球台、高草区、练习场等不同区域草坪和稻麦农田全年的病、虫、杂草发生与农药使用状况进行了调查与分析。结果显示:高尔夫球场草坪全年的农药使用量明显低于稻麦农田,球场18.54 hm~2草坪面积全年累计使用杀菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂分别为98.8,85.2和41 kg/hm~2,平均杀菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂使用量分别为5.33,4.60和2.21 kg/hm~2,而稻麦农田杀菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂使用量则分别为13.7,18.5,13.8kg/hm~2,分别是球场用量的2.6,4.0和6.3倍。从不同类型农药的用量分析,球场所有草坪区域的杀虫剂、除草剂用量均明显低于稻麦农田,球道和发球台、高草区、练习场草坪的杀菌剂用量也明显低于稻麦农田,只有果岭匍匐翦股颖草坪的杀菌剂全年累计用量(14.5 kg/hm~2)略超稻麦农田(13.7kg/hm~2)。从不同草坪区域和不同类型农药的使用量与使用频率综合分析,高尔夫球场的农药污染风险低于稻麦农田。     

果岭草坪质量评价及改良建议

对北京克劳沃双桥基地的高尔夫练习场果岭草坪进行现场监测和实验室化验分析,参照新西兰果岭草坪质量评价标准对果岭草坪质量进行评价.根据各项测定结果,分析了各个因素对果岭草坪质量的影响;根据各个影响因素在果岭草坪质量综合评价中权重的不同,对克劳沃双桥基地的果岭草坪质量进行了综合评价并提出了改良措施.综合评价结果表明,果岭草坪综合质量指数仅为54.0,果岭草坪的质量水平较差,需要加强日常维护和管理.     

重庆庆隆高尔夫球场果岭土壤理化性状测试与分析

对重庆庆隆高尔夫球场果岭土壤粒径、pH值、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、有效铁、有效硫和有机质含量等进行了测定分析,结果表明,球场果岭区域土壤中的有机质含量除个别果岭外,大都处于5~10g/kg,含量偏低;氮磷钾含量比例不平衡;pH值均在7.8以上,为碱性土壤;微量元素含量偏低;土壤粒径分布总体偏细,影响果岭草坪的通气透水性。建议球场增加有机肥的投入,提高磷肥的施用量,适当调节土壤pH值以适合果岭草种的生长;另外,球场还应进行测土平衡施肥以保证果岭草坪草的健康生长。     

海口地区高尔夫球场植物景观综合评价

近年来,依托海南得天独厚的气候环境优势,作为"海南岛球"的高尔夫运动发展迅猛。为了设计与海南国际旅游岛发展相适应的高尔夫球场植物景观,本研究依据海口球场建设时间梯度和地理跨度选取了东山、月亮湾、观澜湖以及三公里4个高尔夫球场,运用AHP构建综合评价体系,采用模糊综合评判的方法对其植物景观进行了综合分析,得出4个球场植物景观质量的优劣顺序依次为观澜湖、月亮湾、三公里和东山,景观质量等级均为优良。各球场在植物运用方面虽然各不相同,但各有特色;其综合得分虽有高低,但差异并不明显。     

北方高尔夫球场草坪草种的选择与配比

依据高尔夫球场不同功能区对草坪草种选择的基本要求,结合各草坪草种的生物学特性,总结了我国北方地区高尔夫球场果岭、发球台、球道及高草区草坪草种的选择与不同草种的配比方案及其特点。     

高尔夫球场果岭建造基质与草坪测试项目综述

对高尔夫球场果岭基质与草坪的测试机构、测试项目以及现状进行了综合叙述;对美国高尔夫协会提出的高尔夫球场果岭建造推荐标准(USGA标准)作了详细介绍,并列出了逐项标准,对促进我国高尔夫以及整个草坪界的健康发展有积极意义.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。