Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒鸡胚致弱毒株的选育

将分离的一株DHv—Ⅰ野毒株经鸡胚传代,培育出DHV—Ⅰ的80代鸡胚致弱毒GFS99株。该弱毒株对1日龄雏鸭无致病性;在雏鸭体内连续盲传5代,也未出现毒力返强现象;1日龄雏鸭免疫100倍稀释的尿囊液弱毒GFS99后7天攻强毒GQY07株,保护率高达100％,且7日龄时即可产生高峰期中和抗体,后抗体效价有所下降,但易感期的3周内抗体保持较高水平;另外该弱毒的外源病原检验结果均为阴性和特异性实验结果良好。综上述结果表明,该弱毒GFS99株无外源病毒污染、特异性强、安全性好、遗传性稳定、免疫原性强,可以作为制备DHV—Ⅰ弱毒疫苗的候选株。     

一株鸭肝炎病毒的分离与鉴定

从山东某养殖场送检的疑似鸭病毒性肝炎病料中分离到一株病毒（暂命名为SD株）,分别用鸭胚、雏鸭进行传代和病毒含量测定,E1-E8代鸭胚适应毒的ELD50在1015^-5.0-10^-6.0／0．1mL之间,E1、E2代鸭肝组织毒的LD50分别为10^-5.5／0．1mL、10^-6.7／0．1mL。动物回归试验结果表明,SD株鸭胚适应毒E2对4日龄雏鸭的致死率为100％;雏鸭毒力测定试验结果表明SD株雏鸭肝组织毒E,代对12日龄内雏鸭具有较高致死率,12日龄后随着日龄的增大,雏鸭的死亡率逐渐降低;理化特性鉴定结果表明,SD株为无囊膜病毒,对脂溶剂（乙醚和氯仿）、胰酶、酸、热均不敏感,且无血凝性。血清交叉中和试验和交叉保护试验结果表明,在血清型上,SD株与DHV-1无关。通过对SD株与韩国N-DHVVP1基因的序列比对和进化树分析,发现二者同源性在99％以上。结果证实,SD株是新型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒,而不是DHV-1。     

NDV与DHV于鸭胚培育时均无鸡红细胞血凝易忽视两者的混合感染

从雏鸭流行病群的病料,获一分离物。它致死非免鸡胚和无母源NDV抗体一日龄来杭雏鸡100％;免疫中雏,11天后NDVF_(48)E_8强毒攻击得安全结果。也能致死一日龄实验雏鸭50～100％;分别与NDV和DHV阳性血清中和,各自接种10只一日龄雏鸭,前中和组死雏鸭50％,后中和组全健活。最终实验证明该分离物,乃NDV自然弱毒株和DHV强毒株的混合物。发人兴趣的是以上混合毒在鸭胚繁殖时无鸡红细胞血凝,转接鸡胚一代,血凝度为1:16,二代为1:32～64。这一现象当以鸭胚分离时,易导致两者混合感染的忽视。     

鸭肝炎病毒的分离鉴定

取北京郊区某鸭场的病鸭肝脏制备病料,接种9~11日龄SPF鸡胚尿囊腔,结果显示所分离的毒株能使鸡胚发育迟缓,胚爪发育畸形,肝脏变绿。分离病毒接种2日龄健康雏鸭进行动物试验,能使雏鸭在2~3 d内100%发生死亡,其发病症状及剖检病理变化与自然发病的小鸭一致。分离毒对氯仿不敏感。病毒接种于鸭胚成纤维细胞后没有观察到明显的CPE。血清中和试验表明分离病毒能被I型鸭瘟病毒(DHV)标准血清所中和。应用RT-PCR方法对病鸭的肝脏悬液及鸭胚尿囊液进行检测并测序,证明所分离病毒为I型DHV。     

雏鸭病毒性肝炎的分离与初步鉴定

取北京郊区某鸭场的病鸭肝脏制备病料,通过9~11日龄SPF鸡胚尿囊腔接种,结果显示所分离的毒株能使鸡胚发育迟缓、胚爪发育畸形、肝脏变绿。分离病毒回2日龄健康雏鸭进行动物试验,能使雏鸭在2~3 d内100％发生死亡,其发病症状及剖检病理变化与自然发病的小鸭一致。分离毒株对氯仿不敏感。病毒接种于鸭胚成纤维细胞后没观察到明显的CPE。血清中和试验表明分离病毒能被I型DHV标准血清所中和,证明分离的野毒株血清型为I型DHV,且毒力很强。     

Ⅳ型鸭肝炎病毒鸡胚化弱毒疫苗的研制

将一株Ⅳ型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV)用鸡胚传代,培育出Ⅳ型鸭肝炎病毒63代鸡胚化弱毒疫苗株E63。该苗对1日龄雏鸭安全无致病性,免疫剂量为2.5×105.12个ELD50/只。用E63免疫1日龄雏鸭,7日龄时即可产生高峰期中和抗体,并可完全保护雏鸭抵抗同型强毒的攻击,此后中和抗体效价有所下降,但可持续至4周龄。疫苗在-20℃保存3~6个月后仍能保持良好的免疫原性。     

一株新型鸭肝炎病毒的分离与鉴定

从辽宁省某鸭场疑似鸭病毒性肝炎病料中分离到一株病毒,经PCR检测初步鉴定其为鸭肝炎病毒,命名为YK株,应用易感鸭胚和雏鸭进行传代及病毒含量测定,E_1~E_5代鸭胚适应毒病毒含量在10~(6.5)~10~(6.9)ELD_(50)/0.2 m L之间,E2代鸭肝组织毒病毒含量为10~(6.3)LD_(50)/0.1 m L。动物试验结果表明,YK株鸭胚适应毒E_2代对7日龄雏鸭的致死率高达100%。序列测定分析表明,YK株与DHV-A的VP1基因同源性在71.4%~72.3%之间,与DHV-B的VP1基因同源性在71.9%~72.3%之间,与DHV-C的VP1基因同源性在94.3%~98.8%之间。试验表明,YK株与韩国新型鸭肝炎病毒在同一分支上,属于基因C型DHV。     

珠江三角洲地区鸭肝炎病原分离及其致病性和理化特性测定

对珠江三角洲地区鸭肝发病雏鸭群进行病原分离、致病性试验及理化特性测定。结果共分离到9株野毒，初步研究结果表明该9株野毒具备Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒（DHV－Ⅰ）的基本特征，但其毒力具有不均一性。对7日龄雏鸭的致病力，其中3株LD50分别为10^-4.36/0.3mL,10^-4.17/0.3mL和10^-4.08/0.3mL；另外3株LD50分别为10^-2.48/0.3mL,10^-2.39/0.3mL和10^-2.19/0.3mL；其余3株对7日龄雏鸭无致病性，但2株对1日龄的雏鸭却有一定的致病性，1株无致病性。该研究成果为分析本地区鸭肝炎疫情变化提供了依据。     

蛋鸭常用疫苗的选择和使用

1 雏鸭肝炎弱毒疫苗 用于预防雏鸭肝炎,采用雏鸭肝炎鸡胚化或鸭胚化弱毒株,接种12～14日龄鸭胚尿囊腔或9～10日龄鸡胚尿囊腔,收获48～96h内死亡胚的尿囊液,     

鸭病毒性肝炎实验室诊断方法的研究

将鸭病毒性肝炎病毒（duck hepatitis virus DHV)(ATCC株）用鸡胚传一代后，测出此病毒的鸡胚半数致死量（ELD50）为10^-5.5。通过多次重复试验,闻利用鸡胚中和试验和雏鸭中和试验检测鸭病毒性肝炎（DVH）的诊断方法，7株DHV毒株在鸡胚中和试验中的结果是：胚传一代尿囊液死亡率为2／8－5／8，1：10血清中和保护率为8／8，1：1000肝病料死亡率为3／8－8／8，1：10血清中和保护率为8／8，正常对照全部存活，雏鸭中和试验的结果是：24小时内1：10肝病料死亡率为3／8－8／8，1：5血清中和保护率为8／8，正常对照全部存活。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.