发酵乳清柠檬饮料的研制

以乳清和柠檬为原料,采用正交试验确定了乳清发酵的最佳条件和发酵乳清柠檬饮料的最佳配方,并对其稳定性进行了研究。结果显示:①乳清最佳发酵条件为混合乳酸菌接种量4%,发酵时间5h,发酵温度40℃;②在饮料中添加0.3%的黄原胶,沉淀率最低(4.3%),稳定效果最好;③发酵乳清柠檬饮料最佳配方为柠檬汁9.0%,绵白糖6.0%,稳定剂0.4%。     

共轭亚油酸牛奶稳定性的研究

本研究通过几种单体稳定剂的正交试验，确定了复合稳定剂的组分为PGA0．10％，瓜尔豆胶0．08％，单甘酯0．20％，复合磷酸盐0．02％；并进行了调酸方式、均质和灭菌条件的试验，结果表、明，20℃时快速调酸，25MPa／60℃均质，115～117℃灭菌30min对共轭亚油酸牛奶稳定性最有利。     

添加鱼蛋白粉对乳清干酪品质的影响

以乳清浓缩蛋白液为原料,将质量分数为0.4％、0.8％和1.2％的鱼蛋白粉加入乳清浓缩液中生产乳清干酪,探究鱼蛋白粉添加量的不同对乳清干酪的产率,消化率及质构特性的影响.结果表明,产品的产率随着鱼蛋白粉添加量的增加而增加,明显改善了干酪的质构特性和干酪消化率,为了提高乳清干酪品质,可以添加1.2％鱼蛋白粉.     

褐色乳酸菌饮料加工工艺优化

以脱脂乳粉与葡萄糖为原料,经热处理发生美拉德反应,再通过干酪乳杆菌长时间发酵,添加白砂糖、稳定剂、酸味剂等辅料制得褐色乳酸菌饮料.通过对热处理条件、稳定剂、糖酸比等参数的优化,开发出一种风味浓郁稳定性较好的褐色乳酸菌饮料工艺.结果表明:杀菌条件115℃、15 min;稳定剂最优组合为羧甲基纤维素添加量0.10％、海藻酸丙二醇酯添加量0.05％、果胶添加量0.15％;糖酸比为蔗糖添加量9％,pH 4.0.     

PCV2 ELISA诊断试剂盒稳定剂的筛选与应用

为进一步提高猪圆环病毒2型（Porcine circovirus type2，PCV2）间接ELISA诊断试剂稳定性，以纯化的PCV2重组Cap蛋白0．625mg／L包被酶标板，通过经验法和方阵法将甘油、蔗糖、PEG4000、海藻糖、明胶、EDTA等组成不同配比的抗原包被、酶结合物和标准对照品稳定剂，通过在4℃和37℃条件下试剂盒的稳定性试验，使用4P拟合曲线等分析其效果，以期筛选出最佳稳定剂配组。结果显示，1％蔗糖、20％甘油、0．0005％MgCl2和1％蔗糖、0．2％BSA、1.0％海藻糖、0．1％PEG4000、0．02mol／LPMSF及0．1％明胶、0．1％EDTA、1％海藻糖、8％甘油、1．3％氯化钠分别为最佳抗原包被、酶标抗体和标准对照品的稳定剂。使用该稳定剂组装的PCV2ELISA试剂盒放置在4℃条件下8个月和37℃条件下8d，其D450值4P数据分析R2值均在0．99以上，说明配制的试剂盒稳定刺对ELISA试剂具有良好的保护作用，在4℃条件下有效期可达8个月。     

乳清多肽营养饮料的研究

本文以肽酶在pH8．0、温度45℃，[E/S]3％的最适条件下水解乳清蛋白，经脱苦处理后，生产乳清多肽营养饮料；当白砂糖8％、酸0．15％、木糖醇4％时，乳清多肽饮料品质最好，含有大量人体易吸收的小分子肽，且稳定性良好。     

益生菌发酵乳清饮料的研究

优化试验研究了益生菌发酵乳清饮料pH值与益生菌接种量、后发酵时间和乳糖添加量之间的回归关系,同时正交试验对发酵后的乳清进行风味的调配。结果表明:乳清发酵饮料的最佳后发酵条件为:乳糖添加量为6%、益生菌接种量为7%、后发酵时间8 h,发酵好的乳清再添加甜味剂蛋白糖0.08%、稳定剂CMC 0.3%、香芋香精0.1%,所得乳清发酵饮料的感官品质较好。     

牛初乳乳清制备工艺研究

为优化乳清制备工艺,以脱脂牛初乳为原料,研究通过酸沉酪蛋白方法制备高质量乳清。综合考虑酸的种类、强弱和乳清中IgG的活性变化,确定了酸沉酪蛋白的最佳工艺条件为：0．8mol／L乳酸调脱脂乳pH值至4．3,加水至干物质终质量分数为10％,45℃水浴15min,4000r／min离心5min。经检测所制备的乳清中IgG活性含量仅损失3．05％。     

普洱茶酸奶的研制

研究普洱茶酸奶的生产方法,通过正交试验,确定最佳的工艺条件。结果表明：提取条件是茶水比为1：10,冲泡温度为90℃,冲泡20min时所提取得普洱茶汁最佳。牛奶中添加茶汁量为3％,糖6％,菌种接种量2％,稳定剂添加量为0．05％,40℃条件下发酵4h获得的普洱茶酸奶茶香浓郁,与奶味融和较好。与普通酸奶比较有独特香味。     

混合型干酪研究现状及其副产品乳清的利用

本文论述了混合型干酪的研究意义，研究现状以及混合型干酪的副产品－乳清的特点、国内外清的利用状况、发酵型乳清饮料的研究意义等，并介绍了我们的研究成果，（1）影响混合乳凝乳特性的因素和最佳工艺条件；（2）替代皱胃酶的复合凝乳酶的种类和比例；（3）混合乳（豆乳和牛乳或花生乳和牛乳混合）半硬质半酪、融合干酪、新鲜干酪等的生产工艺；（4）乳清的发酵特性研究；（5）乳清饮料稳定性研究。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.