甲基硫酸新斯的明和氨甲酰胆碱对实验性胃肠弛缓的效应

观察了拟胆碱药甲基硫酸新斯的明和氨甲酰胆碱对健康羊和实验性胃肠弛缓羊瘤胃内环境参数和胃肠电活动性的效应，以及碳酸盐缓冲合剂（ＣＢＭ）和醋酸盐缓冲合剂（ＡＢＭ）配合新斯的明对实验性胃肠弛缓的治疗效应。上述２种药物均可增强健康羊瘤胃电、盲肠电活动性，但效应不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５），且作用时间短暂（０．５～１．０ｈ）。单纯使用新斯的明不能纠正实验性酸碱性胃肠弛缓，配合应用ＣＢＭ或ＡＢＭ亦无促进或辅助治疗作用。结果表明，起因于胃肠内环境特别是酸碱度改变的胃肠弛缓可能不伴有副交感神经兴奋性降低，可不使用拟胆碱类药物。     

碳酸盐缓冲合剂对牛酸过多性胃肠弛缓的治疗效果

对１２０例前胃弛缓、瘤胃积食、瘤胃臌气、瘤胃酸中毒、瓣胃阻塞、皱胃阻塞、肠便秘等以胃肠弛缓为临床特征的病牛投服碳酸盐缓冲合剂（Ｎａ２ＣＯ３５０ｇ，ＮａＨＣＯ３４２０ｇ，ＫＣｌ２０ｇ，ＮａＣｌ１００ｇ，常水１０Ｌ），观察了其治疗效果。碳酸盐缓冲合剂对牛胃肠弛缓性疾病平均治愈率达９５％，平均投用方剂数为（１．４±０．５）付。结果表明，对起因于胃肠酸碱环境改变的酸过多性胃肠弛缓疾病投服碳酸盐缓冲合剂，可有效纠正病牛胃肠弛缓状态，从而为反刍兽胃肠弛缓开辟了新的防治途径，创立了又一个病因疗法。     

碳酸盐缓冲合剂对牛酸过多性胃肠弛缓的治疗效果

为进一步验证碳酸盐缓冲合剂对牛胃肠弛缓自然病例的治疗效果 ,对前胃弛缓 (5 2例 )、瘤胃积食 (42例 )、瘤胃酸中毒 (18例 )、瓣胃秘结 (6例 )、肠便秘 (2例 )等以酸过多性胃肠弛缓为临床特征的 12 0例病牛投服了碳酸盐缓冲合剂 (Na2 CO35 0 g,Na HCO342 0 g,KCl 2 0 g,Na Cl 10 0 g,常水 10 L )。结果平均治愈率高达 95 % ,平均投用方剂数为(1.4± 0 .5 )付。从而认为 ,对起因于胃肠酸碱环境改变的酸过多性胃肠弛缓疾病投服碳酸盐缓冲合剂可有效纠正胃肠弛缓状态 ,为反刍兽胃肠弛缓开辟了新的防治途径 ,创立了又一个病因 -发病机理疗法 ,     

醋酸盐缓冲合剂对碱过多性胃肠弛缓的疗效

对６９例前胃弛缓和瘤胃积食等胃肠弛缓自然病牛的瘤胃内环境参数和植物神经调控指标进行了检测。前胃弛缓、瘤胃积食病牛的瘤胃内环境参数基本一样,特征是ｐＨ值明显升高,分别为（７．９３±０．４７）和（８．０４±０．５９）,漂浮沉降时间明显缩短,次甲蓝反应时间明显延长,总酸度降低至（１３．１０±４．７５）Ｕ和（１１．２３±４．５５）Ｕ,纤毛虫数量减少、活力减退,细菌以Ｇ－者为主,乳酸增多,乙酸、丙酸和ＶＦＡ总量减少。前胃弛缓、瘤胃积食病牛血清肾上腺素（Ｅ）、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）、多巴胺（ＤＡ）和儿茶酚胺（ＣＡ）等第一信使指标,ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ等第二信使指标改变不大。根据瘤胃内环境参数检测结果,结合临床表现,确认６９例胃肠弛缓病牛均为碱过多性胃肠弛缓,对其中５９例投服醋酸盐缓冲合剂（无水醋酸钠１３１ｇ,冰醋酸２２．９２ｍＬ,常水１０Ｌ）进行治疗,治愈率在９０％以上,平均投用方剂数仅为１．３付。     

腰交感神经干阻断对羊实验性胃肠弛缓的效应

为探索胃肠弛缓与交感神经机能状态的关系，观察了腰交感神经干阻断对健康羊和实验性胃肠弛缓羊胃肠运动机能的影响，并比较了碳酸盐缓冲合剂或醋酸盐缓冲合剂配合腰交感神经干阻断对酸过多性或碱过多性胃肠弛缓羊胃肠内环境参数、电活动性及植物神经调控指标的影响。结果表明，腰交感神经干阻断对健康羊胃肠电活动性影响不大；单纯腰交感神经干阻断对实验性胃肠弛缓无明显治疗效应；碳酸盐缓冲合剂或醋酸盐缓冲合剂配合腰交感神经干阻断对实验性胃肠弛缓的恢复亦无促进或辅助作用。由此认为，在起因于胃肠内环境特别是酸碱度改变的胃肠弛缓，交感神经兴奋性过高可能不是主要的致病因素。     

猪核移植重组胚胎的发育能力

以ＭｃＧｒａｔｈ－Ｓｏｌｔｅｒ（１９８３）提供的去（注）核方法，将猪胚胎的单个卵裂球细胞注入去核的次级成熟卵母细胞，借助电融合的方法（ＡＣ；５Ｖ，１．５ＭＨｚ，１２－１５ｓ；ＤＣ：２ｋＶ／ｃｍ，４０μｓ。电激活／融合液：０．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇＋－．１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＭｇＳＯ４＋０．１ｍｍｏｌＣａｃＬ２＋７．５ｍｇ／ｍｌＣＣＢ）融入受体胞质构成重级胚，体外培养（培养液为改衣ＴＣＭ－１９９；培养条件为５％     

淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂对鸡马立克氏病抵抗力的影响及红细胞CR_1的变化

将２００只雏鸡根据不同的处理分成四组：对照组、淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂组，ＭＤ疫苗组和疫苗－合剂组，并在１１日龄时全部用ＭＤ强毒攻击。于４、１１，２６、４１和５６Ｈ龄时采血样，测定各自的ＲＢＣ－ＣＲ，花环率和ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ花环率，同时统计各组的ＭＤ发病率。结果：ＭＤ发病率，对照组＞合剂组＞疫苗组＞疫苗－合剂组，分别为：７６％、６０％、５４％和３４％。疫苗－合剂组ＭＤ发病率极显著地低于其他组（Ｐ＜０．００５）；ＲＢＣ－ＣＲ＿１花环率，接种ＭＤＶ后，疫苗－合剂组迅速增加，并一直维持在较高水平（８．０％左右），其他组均是下降以后再缓慢回升，与ＲＢＣ－ＩＣ花环率呈反向变化关系。结果表明：淫羊藿－蜂胶合剂有明显增强感染ＭＤＶ后鸡ＲＢＣ－ＣＲ＿１活性和降低ＭＤ发病率的作用。     

四硫钼酸盐对大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体功能影响的研究

在体外试验中，四硫钼酸盐显著抑制上皮细胞氧消耗；抑制线粒体呼吸Ⅱ相（≥１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、Ⅲ相（≥０．２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和解偶联呼吸（≥０．２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；在≥１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度作用２ｈ或４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度作用１ｈ以上可轻度增加上皮细胞ＬＤＨ的释放，减慢线粒体在低渗ＮａＮＯ３和ＫＮＯ３溶液中的肿胀速度。体内试验表明，投服四硫钼酸盐（≥３３．３ｍｇＭｏ／ｋｇ ＢＷ）可使小肠上皮线粒体细胞色素氧化酶     

ABC—Dot—ELISA检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒

建立了ＡＢＣ－Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）的方法,其最佳反应条件是：包被液为０．０５ｍｏｌ／ＬｐＨ９．６的碳酸钠－碳酸氢钠缓冲液（ＣＢＳ）,免疫ＩＢＶ ＩｇＧ的最佳工作浓度为１：８０;抗原的最佳浓度为１：８００;封闭剂选用０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｐＨ７．４含３０ｍＬ／Ｌ白明胶的ＰＢＳ,Ｂ－ＡｇＧ和ＡＢＣ－ＨＥＰ的最佳工作浓度为１：２００。用ＡＢＣ－ＨＥＰ的最佳工作浓度为１：２０     

牛卵泡卵母细胞冷冻保存后发育潜力的研究

对用３种不同方法（Ａ法：１．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘油平衡，从２０℃开始以１℃／ｍｉｎ的速度降至－℃，植冰，１０ｍｉｎ后以０．３℃／ｍｉｎ降至－３０℃，再以０．１℃／ｍｉｎ降至－３３℃，投入液氮；Ｂ法：１．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ丙二醇＋０．ｌｍｏ１／Ｌ蔗糖平衡，５℃冰箱中保存１５ｍｉｎ，从Ｏ℃开始按Ａ法中的程序降温；Ｃ法：即玻璃化法）冷冻保存的牛ＧＶ期卵母细胞的发育潜力进行了研究。解冻后，Ｃ组卵母细胞形态正常率显著高于Ａ、Ｂ两组。３种方法冷冻的卵母细胞成熟培养后，平均卵丘扩展率为６０％，其中Ｃ组最高（６９．９％）。卵丘扩展的卵母细胞中，７９．３％发生ＧＶＢＤ，但大多数没有达到ＭＩ期。３组冷冻卵母细胞的体外成熟率、体外受精率分别为１４．２％、８．３％、２０．０％和１０．０％、７．１％、１２．１％，其中Ａ组中有１枚卵裂。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.     

Nutrient and metal analyses of Chinese herbal products marketed for veterinary use

Many Chinese herbs and herbal mixtures are fed to domestic animals for their reputed medicinal properties. These herbs could contribute to the intake of essential nutrients and toxic metals, but their composition is mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure major nutrient (crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, fibre) and mineral (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, S, Al, Cd, Ni, Pb) concentrations in samples of fourteen combination formulas labelled for veterinary use and commonly administered to horses and dogs. Three single herbs, Bupleurum chinense, Curcuma zedoaria and Astragalus membranaceus, each obtained from several sources, and Yunnan Baiyao, a proprietary hemostatic mixture, were also analysed. Proximate analyses and some mineral concentrations differed (p < 0.05) among single herbs, and high concentrations of several minerals were detected in some herbal combinations. Those containing the highest concentrations [g/kg dry matter (DM)] of calcium (92.4), iron (2.6) and manganese (0.28) could provide >38%, 142% and 96%, respectively, of recommended allowances in adult dogs, and >13%, 122% and 2%, respectively, of maintenance requirements in horses, at the maximum labelled dose assuming complete availability. Concentrations of cadmium, nickel and lead were below published oral tolerance levels. Aluminium concentrations (median 380, maximum 920 mg/kg DM) were higher than has been previously reported in Chinese herbs. These nutrient analyses suggest that herbal combinations marketed to veterinarians, when fed at the maximal labelled dose, are unlikely to produce clinically relevant changes in the dietary intake of essential nutrients. However, small amounts of non‐essential contaminant minerals are present in some formulas, and further research is necessary to understand the significance of this finding.