大戟海藻芫花和甘遂与甘草配伍对甘草主要成分的影响观察

为检测"十八反"中大戟、海藻、芫花和甘遂不同配伍对甘草中主要药理成分含量的影响,采用HPLC测定异甘草素、甘草苷、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸4个主要药理成分。结果显示,大戟与甘草配伍对异甘草素、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,甘草酸单铵盐的含量提高了2.9%,异甘草素和甘草次酸的含量分别降低了3.6%和24.0%;海藻与甘草配伍对甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,甘草酸单铵盐的含量提高了26.3%,甘草次酸的含量降低了21.2%;芫花与甘草配伍对异甘草素、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,异甘草素和甘草酸单铵盐的含量分别提高了39.0%和6.8%,甘草次酸的含量降低了66.0%;甘遂与甘草配伍对异甘草素、甘草苷和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,分别降低了5.2%、6.1%和30.2%。表明"十八反"中大戟、海藻、芫花和甘遂不同配伍对甘草中的异甘草素、甘草苷、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸等主要药理成分含量均有不同程度的影响。     

甘草及其制剂在动物保健中研究与应用

正甘草,又名粉甘草、灵草、蜜蜂草、国老。其是一味传统的使用频率较高之一的中草药。俗称"药中甘草"。究其原因是因为甘草无毒。无耐药性,无药物有害残留,而且药材来源广药理作用广泛等优点。同时,甘草中含有动物生长发育所需要的多种营养物质,可促进动物提高生产性能和提高健康水平。1甘草含活性化合物成分甘草含甘草甜素、甘草次酸、芏草甙、甘草醇、新甘草酚、     

常见甘草品种有效成分及药理作用研究进展

甘草(Licorice)又名甜草根、粉草、国老等,为豆科甘草属(Glycyrrhiza L.)多年生草本植物,具有补脾益气、清肺解毒、祛痰止咳等功效,中医常有"十方九草"之说。临床上主要用于治疗脾胃虚弱、倦怠乏力、咳嗽痰多、脘腹与四肢挛急疼痛、痈肿疮毒等。《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》两书中记载"凡为方二百五十,用甘草者,至百二十方。非甘草之主病多,乃方必合甘草,使能曲当病情也。"甘草在全世界约有29种6变种,我国约有18种3变种。据《中华人民共     

乌拉尔甘草资源有待进一步开发

一、甘草 甘草（Glycyrrhiza Uralcnsis Fisch）是豆科多年生草本植物,在我国两千多年前就发现了甘草（药用）价值。如我国最早的书籍《神农本草经》将甘草列为上品。我国是甘草的主要产地,正如有位日本药商所说："日本的中药市场是以中国赤峰乌拉尔甘草为中心的,如果没有赤峰甘草,就没有日本的中药市场。"甘草的资源主要分布在我国黄河流域,内蒙古、甘肃、新疆、山西、陕西、东北地区、北京等地区。二十世纪九十年代以前,我国的甘草供应主要靠野生采挖。目前,由于国内外需求量成倍增长,面对每年近几十万吨左右的优质甘草长期采挖…     

宠物临床中对甘草的运用

正甘草,目前甘草在临床中使用主要是炙甘草和生甘草,用药讲究的人用甘草"通"的药性,因此去皮,叫做粉甘草,有通利的作用,现在药店饮片基本不备粉甘草。炙甘草和生甘草药性均平和,不同的地方在于炙甘草善于补中益脾胃,缓和药性,张仲景善用炙甘草每用其补益安中,防止它药损伤胃气,多与大枣,生姜,人参等同用。生甘草善于清热解毒,主要是清心热,解热毒,后世很多清热解毒的     

我国甘草的分布及药理作用研究进展

甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)别名国老、甜草、红甘草等,属于豆科甘草属多年生草本植物,其根和根茎入药,是我国医药管理部门重点管理的四大药材之一,被誉为"中药之王"。中医认为其具有补脾益气、清热解毒、润肺止咳、缓急止痛、调和诸药之功[1]。近年来,随着新技术的不     

“补中益气汤”的应用实践及体会

"补中益气汤"来自<脾胃论>,由黄芪、甘草、党参、当归、陈皮、升麻、柴胡、白术组成,以黄芪补气固表为主,党参甘草补中益气为辅,白术、当归、陈皮补脾、补血、理气为佐,升麻、柴胡引味(黄芪、甘草甘温之味)上升为使,具有调补脾胃、益气升阳的功效,历代医家多以治疗人畜中气不足之症.     

甘草的药理作用及其在养殖业中的应用前景

甘草又名"国草",作为新兴的中草药添加剂在养殖业中应用很广,具有提高动物生长性能、增强机体免疫力等作用。本文就甘草的药理作用及在养殖业中的应用前景作一综述。     

“大黄甘草散”在外科病上的应用

自1988年以来,我们用"大黄甘草散"治疗各种动物外科病症200余例,均收到满意效果,现介绍如下。（一）药物组成及配制大黄5份,甘草1份。将大黄放人砂锅内,置火上炒至褐黄色或黑黄色时,出锅晾凉,然后与甘草一同研成细末,调和均匀,装人瓶内备用。（二）用法新鲜创伤,可以采取一般的外科清创消毒后,把大黄甘草散撒布创口即可;对于化脓性创伤,首先进行外科清理,然后撒布大黄甘草散;对于外伤引起的肿胀,可用75％医用酒精将大黄甘草散调成糊状,涂布于肿胀部位,用绷带包扎固定即可。（三）典型病例例l、1992年8月20日,郊区张庄一…     

浅述甘肃可利用的甘草蜜源植物及养蜂价值

<正>甘草别名甜草、密草、甜根、美草、国老,根和根茎入药,以根味甘甜而得名,为豆科甘草属多年生草本植物,素有"十方九草,无草不成方"之说,是我国2000多种中草药中用量最大的一味药材,也是我国西部荒漠半荒漠地区重要的固沙植物~([1])。目前,世界甘草属植物约有29种6变种,中国现分布有18种3变种~([2]),是世界上惟一甘草资源大国,出口30多个国家和地区,国     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.