猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌培养体系的建立和优化

试验系统探讨了猪卵母细胞的体外成熟和孤雌激活方法。结果表明:在成熟液中分别添加FSH(促卵泡素:0.1ng/mL)和hMG(人绝经期促性腺激素:0.01IU/mL)的卵母细胞成熟率差异显著,但2组间的分裂率和囊胚率差异不显著。在成熟液中添加0、10、30、50、70ng/mL或90ng/mL的EGF(表皮生长因子),50ng/mLEGF组的分裂率达到84.90%,囊胚率达到30.20%,显著高于其余各组。分别使用以TCM-199和NCSU-23为基础液的成熟液来成熟培养猪卵母细胞,NCSU-23组的分裂率,成熟率和囊胚率均高于TCM-199组。使用离子酶素激活方法和电激活方法进行对比,离子酶素激活后孤雌胚胎发育效果好,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

黄牛卵母细胞在三种不同培养基中的成熟效果比较

用3种不同的培养基培养黄牛卵母细胞,结果表明,TCM-199基础型和商用Holding型培养基可使其成熟率达到80%,DMEM基础型尽管可使颗粒细胞生长良好,但卵母细胞的成熟率极低。     

屠宰绵羊卵巢卵母细胞的体外培养

为了使屠宰绵羊卵巢卵母细胞能够用于体外受精,本文着重探索了使卵巢卵母细胞体外培养成熟的方法和条件。实验结果表明,以TCM-199加10％FCS作为基本培养基,培养24～25小时,可以使绵羊卵巢卵母细胞培养成熟,其成熟率可达55.5％(435/784)。如果在培养液内添加hCG(0.02mg/ml)或LH(0.01mg/ml),并且尽可能保持卵丘细胞的完整,则可以使成熟率提高到76.9％(140/182)～82.9％(112/135)。     

家兔卵母细胞体外受精研究

以家兔为试验动物,人工采集公兔精液,经体外获能后,与从母兔输卵管获取的成熟卵母细胞进行体外受精和培养。结果表明:①卵龄14～15h卵母细胞体外受精后卵裂率和8～16细胞百分率均显著(P<0.05)高于卵龄16～17h卵母细胞;②L-谷氨酰胺对卵母细胞体外受精及受精卵体外发育具有促进作用,但随着添加量的增加其作用减弱;③培养液DMEM+10%FBS组卵裂率、桑椹胚及囊胚百分率均显著(P<0.05)高于TCM-199+10%FBS组及RM-199组。     

猪胚胎体外培养影响因素的研究

以孤雌激活胚胎为研究对象,对猪胚胎体外培养过程中的相关影响因素进行了探讨。体外成熟的猪卵母细胞经孤雌激活后,用添加0.5%牛血清蛋白(BSA)的NCSU-23(北卡罗来纳州立大学-23)培养基培养的囊胚率(36.7%)极显著高于添加5%、10%和15%胎牛血清(FCS)的NCSU-23(11.8%,18.5%和10.3%,P0.01)。在NCSU-23中添加一定比例的TCM-199(10%,25%和50%),虽然对猪卵母细胞孤雌激活后的分裂率无显著影响(89.6%vs87.0%,83.4%和82.6%,P0.05),但囊胚发育率随着TCM-199比例的增加而显著下降(30.1%vs25.0%,11.1%和1.1%,P0.05)。结果表明:培养液中添加BSA的猪胚胎体外培养效果优于添加FCS;猪胚胎的体外培养不需要成分复杂的培养液。     

黄淮白山羊孤雌胚胎的体外培养

采用离子霉素和6-DMAP对黄淮白山羊体外成熟卵母细胞进行联合激活,分别在不同的培养体系进行体外培养,观察孤雌胚胎的发育情况。培养体系分别为:无共培养条件下,M199(10?S)、CR1aa和HTF P1;颗粒细胞共培养条件下,CR1aa、HTF P1和SOFaa。结果发现,无共培养条件下,CR1aa和HTF P1组孤雌胚胎的卵裂率显著高于M199组(P<0.05),但3组均未有囊胚;共培养条件下,HTF P1组的卵裂率显著高于CR1aa和SOFaa组(P<0.05),而CR1aa组的囊胚率却显著高于其他2组(P<0.05)。综合试验结果说明,CR1aa联合颗粒细胞共培养能够获得较好的培养效果,适用于山羊孤雌胚胎的体外培养。     

和牛体外受精胚胎玻璃化冷冻与解冻孵化试验

用添加5％犊牛血清(FCS)的TCM-199进行卵母细胞成熟,BO液进行体外受精后,在5％犊牛血清的CR1aa液进行体外培养获得和牛体外受精胚胎。经玻璃化冷冻保存后解冻,进行孵化试验,解冻后透明带完整率为100％,解冻后存活率为90％。用含20％和5％犊牛血清(FCS)的TCM-199培养孵化,经24h、48h存活率分别为77．8％、74．1％;51．9％、49．1％。两者差异不显著。     

哺乳动物(小鼠和绵羊)早期胚胎体外培养的研究——Ⅱ.不同培养液对小鼠和绵羊胚胎体外发育的影响

869个2～4细胞小鼠胚胎分别在 TCM-199、SOF 和 PBS 液(Whittingh-am,1971)和经本试验改良的 TCM-199、SOF 及 PBS 液中进行培养。96小时以后,6种液中的胚胎发育以改良的 TCM-199最佳,其它依次为改良的 SOF和 PBS 以及未经改良的 PBS、SOF 和 TCM-199液。53个8～16细胞绵羊胚胎在改良的 TCM-199液和 SOF 液以及本试验未改良的原 PBS 液(Whittingham,1971)中进行培养。结果在改良的 TCM-199液和SOF 液之间未见显著差异,但这两种液与 PBS 液相比则差异均高度显著。     

卵丘细胞与卵母细胞解离对小鼠卵子体外成熟及受精的影响

卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的解离会降低小鼠卵母细胞的成熟质量,该研究将解离所得裸卵用不同种成分明确的成熟培养液进行体外成熟、体外受精、体外发育,从而确定卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的解离对小鼠卵母细胞成熟、受精、发育的影响,并通过筛选建立起最优的试验体系,为去除卵丘细胞的卵母细胞体外成熟质量的提高及后续研究提供参考依据。结果显示,裸卵的成熟率与成熟培养液的选择密切相关,TYH组、HTF组极显著优于M199组、α-MEM组;卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的解离与否对受精率的影响是巨大的,解离后(10%～28%)与解离前(48%～76%)差异极为显著(P<0.01);卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的解离与否对发育率的影响未发现显著差别(P>0.05)。因此,卵丘细胞与卵母细胞的解离主要影响了小鼠卵母细胞的体外受精率,通过选用适当的培养液可以相对改善该情况。     

不同培养时间对猪卵母细胞体外成熟效果的影响

试验回收中等卵泡(2～6mm)中的A、B级卵母细胞,然后把卵母细胞分为12组移入培养液TCM-199进行体外成熟培养。A组在不同培养时间(30,36,42,45,48,51h)和B组在不同培养时间(32,38,44,47,50,53h)用H33342染色,倒置显微镜下观察卵母细胞核成熟情况;再经电激活处理,观察卵裂率。结果表明:45h和48h的A级卵母细胞成熟培养后的成熟率差异不显著(P>0.05);47h和50h的B级卵母细胞成熟培养后的成熟率差异不显著(P>0.05);48h的A级卵母细胞和50h的B级卵母细胞卵裂率差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Effect of culture medium and prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) analogue on in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated cat oocytes

A method of reliably producing developmentally competent cat embryos in vitro is a prerequisite for study of the physiology of early development and application of assisted reproductive techniques. Oocytes were collected and then cultured in TCM-199 + 10% FBS for 4 h. The matured oocytes were activated with a 20 microsec electric pulse at 1.2 kV/mm. The activated oocytes were incubated in 2 mM of 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) for 4 h and were then divided randomly among the treatment groups. In experiment 1, we compared the effects of three culture systems (TCM-199, CR1-aa and Tyrode's) on the in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated cat oocytes. In experiment 2, we investigated the effect of addition of Iloprost (a stable prostaglandin I(2) analogue) to Tyrode's medium on in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes. As a control, we recovered in vivo produced blastocysts and determined their average cell number. In experiment 1, the cleavage frequency of the oocytes cultured in TCM199, CR1-aa and Tyrode's media were similar (74, 72 and 83%, respectively). However, the incidence of in vitro development to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher in Tyrode's medium (20.4%) than in TCM-199 (2.4%) or CR1-aa (11.1%). Likewise, the average cell number of in vitro activated blastocysts was higher in Tyrode's than in CR1-aa or TCM-199 (106.5 +/- 45.2 vs. 68.3 +/- 25.4 and 35.0 +/- 7.7, respectively; P<0.05). In experiment 2, the percentage of parthenogenetically activated oocytes that underwent in vitro blastocyst development was significantly improved by addition of Iloprost to the culture medium (33.6 vs. 19.1%; P<0.05). The average cell number of in vivo blastocysts (909.0 +/- 226.4) was significantly higher than those of in vitro blastocysts cultured in Tyrode's medium supplemented with or without Iloprost (103.2 +/- 31.3 and 112.2 +/- 39.3, respectively; P<0.05). This result indicated that the current culture method for cat pathogenetically activated oocytes requires further improvement.     

Intracytoplasmic Glutathione Levels in Heifer Oocytes Cultured in different Maturation Media and its Effect on Embryo Development

The present study was carried out to study the effect of different maturation media on embryo development of heifer oocytes and on their glutathione (GSH) synthesis during in vitro maturation (IVM). Immature heifer oocytes were matured in parallel in one of four maturation media: (i) Tissue Culture Medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with 10 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (EGF); (i) TCM-199 supplemented with 10 ng/ml of EGF plus 1 microg/ml of FSH; (iii) TCM-199 supplemented with 10% of foetal bovine serum (FBS) and (iv) TCM-199 supplemented with 10% of FBS plus 1 microg/ml of FSH. Cow oocytes were used as control and were matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10 ng/ml of EGF. No differences were observed in blastocyst rate among the different heifer oocyte groups (8.8, 7.5. 8.4 and 6.8%, respectively) however, the percentage of blastocysts obtained from cow oocytes was significantly higher (30%; p < 0.01) than those obtained from heifer oocytes. De novo GSH synthesis during oocyte maturation of heifer and cow oocytes was detected. No significant differences in intracytoplasmic GSH levels were observed among the experimental heifer oocyte groups or between heifer and cow oocytes both before and after IVM. In conclusion, the blastocyst yield obtained from heifer oocytes was lower than that from cow oocytes and this fact could not be explained by significant differences in intracytoplasmic GSH contents of oocytes before or after IVM.     

透明质酸对牛卵母细胞体外成熟影响的研究

在改良的基础培养液中添加HA,主要探讨HA对牛卵母细胞成熟的影响。结果表明,当mTCM-199中HA浓度为3．0 mg/mL时,第一极体排出率和卵裂率显著高于其他各组 (P<0．05),初步表明3．0 mg/mL是无血清培养中HA的最佳浓度。当在mTC-199中添加 HA、BSA和OCS时,OCS组的第一极体排出率显著高于其他两组(P<0．05),分别为 83．40％、84．33％和92．17％,但HA组与BSA差异不显著(P>0．05);卵裂率三者差异均不显著(P>0．05);表明在无血清培养中HA可代替BSA,但是培养的效果不如血清。HA在 mTCM-199和mSOF基础培养基中,对卵母细胞的第一极体排出率和卵裂率无明显差异(P >0．05)。表明在无血清培养下,HA在复杂和简单的培养液中都支持卵母细胞的成熟。     

Effect of the in vitro maturation medium on equine oocytes: comparison of follicular fluid and oestrous mare serum

The present study evaluated the effect of supplementing the medium used to mature equine oocytes in vitro with oestrous mare serum (EMS) or horse follicular fluid (HFF). To this end, 144 ovaries were obtained from mares aged 16-21 months and transported to the laboratory in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS) at 30 degrees C. Oocytes were harvested from the ovaries by slicing, and then selected for in vitro maturation (IVM) according to the number of cumulus cell layers and the characteristics of the cytoplasm. The selected oocytes were washed three times in TCM199 medium plus HEPES (TCM-199H) or in the same medium plus glutamine (TCM-199G), then matured in vitro in six study groups established according to the in vitro maturation (IVM) treatment to see possible interactions between HEPES and glutamine on other supplements: Ten percent EMS was added to two of these media (TCM-199H+EMS and TCM-199G+EMS) and 10% HFF was added to the media in two other groups (TCM-199H+HFF and TCM-199G+HFF). IVM was performed at 38.5 degrees C for 40 h in a controlled atmosphere (5% CO2, 95% relative humidity). The findings indicate that the presence of EMS or HFF in the TCM-199H medium gives rise to the best results in terms of the proportions of oocytes reaching maturity (37.7% and 36.8%, respectively). The values obtained with EMS and HFF were statistically similar to each other but differed from the other treatments. The media containing glutamine led to the highest proportions of degenerated oocytes.     

Aspectos Cronologicos en la Maduracion Nuclear de Oocitos Bovinos Cultivados in vitro

In this study, the chronological changes in the meiotic progress of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes was analysed. Oocytes (n = 1044) were obtained from a local abbatoir and were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of cumulus cells. They were incubated in microdrops (5 per drop) in TCM-199 (control), TCM-199 + 10% fetal calf serum (treatment 2) and TCM-199 + 10% estrous cow serum (treatment 3). Oocytes were fixed and stained at the end of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30h of the beginning of in vitro culture, were evaluated according to the nuclear stage of maturation. These results demonstrated that the immature oocytes at the time of collection (0 h) were in the germinal vesicle stage (GV), and that the highest maturation rate was at 24 h of culture in all treatments. Serum treatments enhanced the maturation rates obtained (52.1 and 55.7%) compared to control (serum-free) medium (42.7%; P<0.05) in cumulus-cell-enclosed oocytes. In denuded oocytes, the maturation rates were lower compared to cumulus-cells-enclosed oocytes in all treatments. In conclusion, meiotic progression of bovine oocytes can be influenced by the inclusion of sera in the maturation media and by the presence of the cumulus cells.     

TCM199对陇东绒山羊细管精液的冷冻效果

目的研究陇东绒山羊细管精液冷冻时,通过在葡萄糖一柠檬酸盐稀释液中添加TCM199,观察其对陇东绒山羊细管冷冻精冷冻效果的影响。方法选用4个试验组和对照组进行对比试验,试验组是在稀释液基础上分别添加TCM199标准液,含量为0．5％、1％、3％、5％（V／V）。结果表明：添加19／6的TCM199标准液的试验组（B）效果较好,其冷冻解冻后精子活力高于对照组和其它试验组,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）,质膜完整率试验组和对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,在精子穿卵活力试验中（SPA）,试验组和对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。但在细管解冻后不同时间段活力测定试验中,解冻后5h、8h、12h,试验组（B）和对照组活力差异显著（P〈0．05）,且随着时间延长呈下降趋势。因此制作陇东绒山羊精液细管冷冻时,添加1％TCM199标准液具有比较好的效果。     

Selection of In Vitro-Matured Porcine Oocytes Based on Localization Patterns of Lipid Droplets to Evaluate Developmental Competence

Localization patterns of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of porcine oocytes were evaluated as a novel marker for in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes with high developmental competence. Porcine oocytes were cultured in TCM-199, which is a complete synthetic medium, for 44 h at 38.5 C. Localization patterns were divided into 2 classes: lipid droplets localized uniformly in the whole cytoplasm (class I) and those that were centrally located (class II). After IVM in TCM-199, 60% of matured oocytes exhibited the class II pattern. To investigate the relation between the distribution of lipid droplets and the developmental rate of the oocyte, the developmental rates of class I and class II oocytes were compared after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Class II oocytes showed a significantly higher rate of blastocyst development than class I oocytes. These results suggest that porcine oocytes with high developmental competence can be selected based on the localization patterns of lipid droplets.     

Effect of Albumin and Polyvinyl Alcohol on the Vitality, Motility and Acrosomal Integrity of Canine Spermatozoa Incubated in vitro

Sperm culture media used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are important factors concerning the viability, motility and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three different sperm diluting media, tissue culture medium (TCM‐199), sperm culture medium (Sp‐TALP) and human tubular fluid (HTF) supplemented with varying concentrations of bovine serum albumin (1, 4 and 6%) or polyvinyl alcohol (0.8%) on the acrosomal integrity, motility and viability of canine spermatozoa. Ejaculates collected from four dogs were diluted in all media and spermatozoa were separated from seminal plasma by the swim‐up technique. Sperm progressive motility was assessed using a phase contrast microscope. Viability and acrosomal integrity were evaluated using a dual stain technique (Giemsa–Trypan blue). The results demonstrated that the number of live canine spermatozoa was similar in culture media supplemented or not supplemented with macromolecules. A minimal concentration of albumin (1%) in the three media showed similar effects on vitality, motility and acrosomal integrity, as had higher concentrations (4 and 6%). The percentage of acrosome‐intact spermatozoa was markedly higher after HTF (94.1%) than after TCM‐199 (70.1%) or Sp‐TALP (71.0%) without supplementation. It is concluded that serum bovine albumin, irrespective of the concentration, preserved sperm viability and function, and HTF is the most suitable medium for preserving the acrosome in canine spermatozoa prepared for in vitro manipulation through short incubation.