猪瘟病毒E2蛋白与猪RACK1相互作用的鉴定

为筛选和鉴定与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)E2蛋白相互作用的猪宿主蛋白,我们采用酵母双杂交方法筛选猪肺泡巨噬细胞表达文库得到与CSFV E2蛋白相互作用的宿主细胞RACK1蛋白,经共转化试验和GST pull-down试验进一步证实两者可以特异性结合,并且共聚焦试验表明两者共定位于细胞的细胞浆。本研究显示E2蛋白与宿主细胞RACK1蛋白存在相互作用,RACK1在CSFV感染过程中所发挥的功能有待进一步研究。     

猪瘟病毒衣壳蛋白与宿主丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶N1相互作用的鉴定

为筛选并鉴定与猪瘟病毒(CSFV)衣壳(C)蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白,本研究采用酵母双杂交技术以CSFV C蛋白为诱饵从猪外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)c DNA表达文库中筛选与之相互作用的宿主蛋白,共筛选到6种蛋白,分别为ATP5B、SON3、PKN1、PCBP1、RPS20和IQGAP1,根据Gene Ontology分析结果,这些蛋白分别参与细胞的增殖和代谢等过程。本研究选取丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶N1(PKN1)进行进一步验证,经酵母共转化试验、免疫共沉淀试验和GST pull-down试验证实,宿主PKN1蛋白与CSFV C蛋白之间存在特异性结合。本研究首次证明PKN1与CSFV蛋白之间的相互作用关系,为进一步研究PKN1蛋白在CSFV感染过程中发挥的作用奠定了基础。     

猪外周血单个核细胞cDNA酵母表达文库的构建及与猪瘟病毒E2蛋白相互作用细胞蛋白的筛选

为研究猪瘟病-毒(CSFV)蛋白与宿主细胞蛋白之间的相互作用,本研究通过SMART技术合成猪外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)双链cDNA,以携带与载体pGADT7-Rec重组位点同源序列的特异引物经long-distance PCR扩增双链cDNA.纯化双链cDNA并与载体pGADT7-Rec共转化酵母菌株Y187,经同源重组构建PBMC cDNA酵母表达文库.以CSFV E2蛋白为诱饵进行酵母双杂交筛选,得到阳性克隆根据序列比对分析结果,进一步进行共转化验证.结果显示筛选到17个与CSFV E2蛋白相互作用的宿主细胞蛋白,基因注释(GO)分析表明这些蛋白分别参与免疫、代谢、细胞生长与增殖、生物调节等过程,为研究它们与CSFV E2的相互作用奠定了基础.     

Shotgun质谱筛选与猪瘟病毒囊膜蛋白Ems相互作用的候选宿主蛋白

猪瘟病毒(CSFV) Ems蛋白是瘟病毒属成员特有的囊膜糖蛋白,在病毒吸附和侵入靶细胞过程中发挥重要作用.本研究利用Ems特异性抗体对CSFV石门强毒株感染的PK-15细胞进行免疫共沉淀(Co-IP),对获得的蛋白复合物进行Shotgun质谱鉴定.结果显示,与阴性对照相比,病毒感染细胞样品中含有199种差异蛋白,其中可能包含与Ems作用的宿主细胞蛋白.同时,实验还对Co-IP蛋白样品进行SDS-PAGE,切取差异条带进行质谱分析以进一步验证Shotgun技术的蛋白筛选结果.通过Co-IP和Shotgun质谱分析,本研究筛选出一些可能在CSFV生命周期中与Ems互作用的宿主蛋白,为进一步研究CSFV在宿主细胞中的感染和复制的分子机制奠定基础.     

猪瘟病毒与宿主蛋白相互作用的研究进展

猪瘟是一种高度传染性和致死性的病毒性疾病,给全球养猪业带来严重的经济损失。疫苗免疫是预防该病的主要手段,目前为止尚未研究出针对猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的特异性治疗药物。CSFV是一种专性细胞内寄生物,其复制严格依赖于宿主细胞,病毒与宿主细胞因子的相互作用关系决定了病毒感染、复制和致病的分子基础,因此设计针对相互作用的病毒蛋白或宿主蛋白的药物有可能治疗CSFV引起的疾病。本文对CSFV与宿主蛋白相互作用及其机制进行了综述,为猪瘟的预防及治疗提供理论依据。     

猪瘟病毒衣壳蛋白与宿主细胞核仁素蛋白相互作用

为鉴定猪瘟病毒(CSFV)衣壳蛋白(C)与宿主细胞核仁素(NCL)蛋白的相互作用,本研究将重组质粒p EGFP-CSFV-C转染至猪睾丸细胞(ST)中,采用GST pull-down和免疫共沉淀方法沉淀ST细胞中的NCL蛋白,通过共聚焦显微镜分析C蛋白和NCL蛋白的共定位情况。结果表明,CSFV C蛋白与NCL蛋白在核仁中存在共定位现象,并且在体外和转染细胞中均存在相互作用。NCL蛋白被抑制后,CSFV的复制能力下降。本研究为进一步分析C蛋白核转运机制以及在CSFV复制过程中的功能提供了实验依据。     

细胞亲环蛋白A对猪瘟病毒增殖的影响

细胞亲环蛋白A(CyPA)在多种病毒感染中起重要的调控作用。本实验室前期蛋白质组学研究表明,猪瘟病毒(CSFV)感染PK-15后细胞的CyPA明显上调表达。为研究CyPA在CSFV增殖中的作用,本研究首先采用环孢素A(CsA)处理PK-15细胞,特异性地抑制CyPA顺反异构酶活性,观察对CSFV的影响,在CsA处理后24 h、48 h、72 h收集细胞和细胞冻融上清,进行病毒基因组拷贝数和病毒滴度测定。结果表明CsA处理能够抑制CSFV在PK-15细胞中的增殖。同时,采用RNA干扰方法,下调PK-15细胞中CyPA的表达,结果也能够抑制CSFV在细胞中的增殖。本研究结果证明CyPA对CSFV在PK-15细胞中的增殖具有调控作用,对进一步阐明CSFV与宿主细胞蛋白的相互作用具有重要意义。     

抗病毒蛋白Viperin抑制猪瘟病毒在PK-15细胞上的复制

Viperin是一种抗病毒蛋白,具有广谱的抗病毒功能。为了研究猪源抗病毒蛋白Viperin对猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的抗病毒作用及机制,通过构建细胞系过表达或通过siRNA转染抑制Viperin表达,采用荧光定量RTPCR和病毒滴度测定检测CSFV增殖水平的变化;检测培养上清和细胞中病毒含量的变化趋势,评价其对病毒释放的影响;进而通过共聚焦试验和免疫共沉淀(co-immunoprecipitation,Co-IP)试验检测Viperin与病毒E2蛋白的共定位与相互作用。与对照细胞相比,过表达Viperin蛋白可以显著抑制CSFV在PK-15细胞上的复制,在感染后24、48、72h,病毒基因水平和病毒滴度分别下降68.75%、83.61%、77.27%和68.75%、87.5%、80.39%。通过RNA干扰技术抑制Viperin在PK-Vi细胞中的表达后CSFV复制显著恢复(仍低于对照组)。培养上清和细胞中病毒含量均同等程度受到抑制,表明Viperin表达对病毒的释放没有影响。共聚焦试验证明Viperin蛋白与E2蛋白在细胞内存在共定位现象。免疫共沉淀试验证明Viperin蛋白与E2蛋白存在相互作用。该研究证实Viperin具有抗CSFV作用,该作用可能是通过与病毒E2蛋白相互作用实现的,这为CSFV与宿主免疫反应相互作用研究提供了理论基础。     

猪脑心肌炎病毒2B蛋白与RACK1蛋白相互作用的鉴定

为筛选与猪脑心肌炎病毒(EMCV)2B蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白,本实验利用酵母双杂交方法筛选BHK-21细胞表达文库制备与EMCV 2B蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白RACK1蛋白。酵母共转化试验和免疫共沉淀试验表明两者可以特异性结合,激光共聚焦试验表明两者共定位于细胞质中。为定位RACK1与2B蛋白相互作用区域,本研究构建了RACK1截短表达重组质粒,并将其与pCAGGS-Flag-2B共转染HEK293细胞,利用免疫共沉淀试验验证其相互作用区域。结果显示2B蛋白与宿主细胞RACK1蛋白存在相互作用,并且证明相互作用区域位于RACK1蛋白的N端。     

宿主蛋白TRIB2与流感病毒NP蛋白相互作用的研究

流感病毒的核衣壳蛋白(NP)是病毒粒子中重要的结构蛋白,参与流感病毒生命周期的多个过程。为筛选与流感病毒NP相互作用的宿主蛋白,本研究应用酵母双杂交技术(Y2H)技术从A549细胞cDNA文库中筛选到与其相互作用的宿主蛋白Tribble 2(TRIB2),并通过免疫共沉淀技术(Co-IP)试验和GST pull down试验进一步证实NP与TRIB2之间存在特异性的直接相互作用。此外,利用激光共聚焦试验证实NP与TRIB2共定位于A549细胞的细胞质内。在A549细胞中过表达TRIB2蛋白后,能够降低流感病毒的滴度,表明TRIB2具有抑制流感病毒的复制功能。本实验为研究流感病毒的复制机理奠定了基础,完善了病毒与宿主相互作用网络。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.