3种禽蛋蛋黄中脂肪酸的含量对比研究

禽蛋是人们生活中的重要营养源,是天然食物中最理想的蛋白质。本试验对抽样的鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋和鹌鹑蛋物理性质及其蛋黄中的脂肪酸含量进行了比较。数据对比分析表明,鹌鹑蛋中蛋黄含量最高,鸡蛋中蛋黄含量最少。鹌鹑蛋蛋黄/蛋清比值最大,乌鸡蛋次之,鸡蛋最低。鸡蛋中饱和脂肪酸含量,尤其是C16∶0含量,显著低于鹌鹑蛋(P<0.05);鸡蛋及乌鸡蛋中ω-3含量显著高于鹌鹑蛋(P<0.05);乌鸡蛋中ω-6/ω-3比值显著低于鹌鹑蛋(P<0.05)。说明3种禽蛋中鹌鹑蛋蛋黄含量最高,总脂肪酸含量最高,但乌鸡蛋蛋黄中各脂肪酸含量最合理,最适合人类食用。     

不同品种禽蛋中营养元素的测定

为比较不同品种禽蛋中的营养元素（常量元素和微量元素）含量,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱技术测定了11种市售禽蛋中的钙、钾、钠、镁、铁、铜、锌、锰元素含量,利用钒钼黄比色法测定了11种市售禽蛋中的磷元素含量。结果显示,除磷元素外,其他8种营养元素含量均为鹌鹑蛋〉绿壳乌鸡蛋〉白壳乌鸡蛋〉其余8个品种的鸡蛋。结果提示,鹌鹑蛋、绿壳乌鸡蛋、白壳乌鸡蛋营养元素含量较高,可作为高营养价值禽蛋产品开发的重点品种。     

普通鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋中铜、铬、锰含量比较研究

为了研究普通鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋蛋黄及全蛋中铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)元素的含量,试验选择生产和包装日期相近的普通鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋各120枚,采用原子吸收光谱法测定鸡蛋样品中的Cu、Cr、Mn元素含量。结果表明:普通鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋中均含有丰富的Cu、Cr、Mn元素,普通鸡蛋和柴鸡蛋蛋黄中的Cu元素含量显著高于乌鸡蛋(P0.05),普通鸡蛋蛋黄中的Cr元素含量显著高于柴鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋(P0.05),乌鸡蛋蛋黄中的Mn元素含量显著高于普通鸡蛋(P0.05)。说明在鸡蛋消费时可以根据对微量元素的不同需求进行选择。     

鹑肉鹑蛋的营养特性及烹调方法

一．鹑蛋的营养特性鹌鹑蛋和鸡蛋相比，蛋白质、钙、磷、铁、核黄素等含量见表１，除精氨酸、胱氨酸略低外，其他１６种氨基酸含量均比鸡蛋高，谷氨酸和丝氨酸为鸡蛋的２倍；甘氨酸苏氨酸含量为鸡蛋的１．５倍。还富含卵磷脂，多种激素、胆固醇含量比鸡蛋低，蛋白质质量好，易消化吸收，很适合老年人和儿童食用。二．鹑肉的营养特性鹌鹑肉含１６种氨基酸，其中８种是人体必需氨基酸，谷氨酸达１３．３％。因而鹑肉不但细嫩而且味道鲜美，具有特殊香味，与鸡肉相比鹑肉的能量、蛋白质、铁、钙、磷含量都比鸡肉高，而且胆固醇含量较低。见表２…     

普通鸡蛋、土鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋营养成分比较

为比较人们日常消费中不同品种鸡蛋的营养成分状况,试验以天津市某大型超市中出售的普通鸡蛋、土鸡蛋和乌鸡蛋为研究对象,对粗脂肪、粗蛋白、灰分及水分等含量进行测定分析。结果表明:乌鸡蛋的粗脂肪含量和灰分含量较高,粗脂肪含量显著高于普通鸡蛋和土鸡蛋(P0.05),灰分含量显著高于土鸡蛋(P0.05);普通鸡蛋的粗蛋白含量较高,显著高于乌鸡蛋(P0.05);乌鸡蛋和普通鸡蛋的灰分含量显著高于土鸡蛋(P0.05);三种鸡蛋的水分含量无显著差异(P0.05)。     

鹌鹑的繁殖与各阶段饲养管理技术

鹌鹑是目前家禽生产中最小的禽类。鹌鹑蛋、肉营养丰富,蛋白质含量高,胆固醇含量低,鹌鹑肉细嫩,氨基酸丰富,并且还具有很多的药用价值。     

不同种类禽蛋的蛋品质和蛋内营养成分的比较分析

通过比较5种禽蛋的蛋品质和蛋内营养成分的差异，旨在为相关生产经营和消费提供科学的参考依据。在成都一信誉良好的正规门市随机购买新鲜的鸡蛋、鸭蛋、鹅蛋、鹌鹑蛋、鸽蛋各30枚，采用蛋品质测定的常规方法检测禽蛋质量、蛋形指数等11项指标，并测定蛋黄、蛋清中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白、水分以及蛋黄中的钙、磷等蛋内营养水平。结果显示：这5种禽蛋的蛋品质差距较大，蛋内营养成分方面，蛋黄粗脂肪含量鹅蛋、鸭蛋、鹌鹑蛋显著高于鸡蛋和鸽蛋；蛋黄粗蛋白含量鹌鹑蛋、鸡蛋和鸭蛋显著高于鹅蛋和鸽蛋；蛋黄钙含量鸭蛋显著高于其余4种禽蛋；蛋黄磷含量鸡蛋、鸭蛋、鹅蛋显著高于鸽蛋和鹌鹑蛋；蛋黄水分鹌鹑蛋和鹅蛋显著高于其他3种禽蛋；蛋清粗脂肪含量最高的是鸽蛋；蛋清粗蛋白含量鸽蛋显著高于其他4种禽蛋；蛋清水分鹌鹑蛋、鸡蛋和鹅蛋显著高于鸭蛋与鸽蛋。结果表明，鸭蛋与鸡蛋的综合营养价值相对较高。     

饲养方式对鸡蛋、鸡肉品质的影响

不同饲养方式对鸡肉与鸡蛋品质有很大影响,对鸡肉氨基酸含量以及肉色、肉质有显著影响,对产蛋量、胆固醇以及磷脂含量也有显著影响本文概述了近几年有关饲养方式对鸡肉品质以及鸡蛋品质影响的研究状况,旨在家禽的饲养方式,为养殖户提供借鉴。     

绿壳蛋和乌鸡蛋胆固醇含量的测定

为了研究绿壳蛋和乌鸡蛋的胆固醇含量,试验对比色法和高效液相色谱法进行比较后,选用高效液相色谱法对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡,丝羽乌骨鸡两个品种的鸡蛋胆固醇含量进行测定.试验结果表明:比色法的测定结果显著高于高效液相色谱法的测定结果(P<0.05);绿壳蛋和乌鸡蛋的胆固醇浓度分别为7.75 mg/g和8.99 mg/g,绿壳蛋胆固醇浓...     

不同品种鸡蛋营养品质与风味品质的比较

试验是以古典鸡蛋、乌鸡蛋和海兰灰鸡蛋为材料,以常规分析和感官分析方法研究比较3个品种鸡蛋的营养品质与风味品质。试验结果表明,古典鸡蛋的营养品质总评最佳,海兰灰鸡蛋次之,乌鸡蛋最差。3种加工方法 (蒸、煮和炒蛋)风味的感官总评,以古典鸡蛋为最佳,乌鸡蛋次之,海兰灰鸡蛋最差。感官品质与营养品质性状相关性分析表明,蛋的营养品质与烹调和加工方法对鸡蛋的风味影响很大。感官品质与营养品质性状相关性分析表明,炒蛋品质与鸡蛋营养品质中的水分含量相关性最大,蒸蛋品质和煮蛋品质与粗脂肪含量相关性最大。     

蛋鸡饲喂芽孢杆菌制剂对鸡蛋蛋品质及营养成分的影响

本试验旨在研究芽孢杆菌制剂对"京粉一号"蛋鸡蛋品质及蛋营养成分的影响。选择健康、产蛋均匀的259日龄的"京粉一号"蛋鸡3 600只,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复300只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加3%的芽孢杆菌制剂,进行为期40 d的试验。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组蛋壳硬度、哈夫单位以及蛋黄颜色均有不同程度地提高(P>0.05);在反映蛋的物理指标上,试验组蛋黄重和蛋黄相对重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),蛋清相对重显著低于对照组(P<0.05),蛋黄蛋白比有升高的趋势(P>0.05);同时,试验组蛋黄中脂肪和水分含量显著降低(P<0.05),蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05)。试验表明:在蛋鸡日粮中添加芽孢杆菌制剂,对蛋品质具有一定的改善作用;可显著提高蛋黄重、蛋黄相对重,降低蛋清相对重。同时,可减少蛋黄中脂肪和水分含量,增加蛋白的含量。     

An evaluation of anthelmintic properties,assessed using faecal nematode egg counts,of New Zealand native flax (Phormium tenax)

AIM: To investigate the anthelmintic properties of New Zealand native flax (Phormium tenax) for cattle, using a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).

METHODS: Twenty-six heifer calves with high (>300 epg) faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) were paired into two groups and fed either chopped flax leaves ad libitum, or barley straw at an equivalent dry matter (DM) rate, from Day 0–7; all were supplemented with 1.5 kg/head/day cereal feed supplement. On Days 8–10, all heifers were fed a common diet of 3.5 kg DM/ head/day barley straw and 1.5 kg/head/day cereal feed supplement. Heifers were weighed and faecal samples were collected on Days —6, 0, 7, and 10; samples were analysed in triplicate for FEC. The nutritive value of the flax and straw was analysed.

RESULTS: Both the flax and straw had low dry matter digestibility (DMD) and protein content. Although the flax-fed claves grew more than the controls, this may have been related to gut fill. Total daily faecal egg output was similar for flax and straw groups on Day 7 (14.7 vs 15.0 x 10⁶ eggs/day, respectively) and Day 10 (14.9 vs 15.1 x 10⁶ eggs/day, respectively). There was no difference in the change in FEC with time between the calves fed flax or straw diets.

CONCLUSION: Consumption of flax leaves did not reduce FEC in calves with a mixed nematode infection.     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、孵化性能和氮排放的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡生产性能、蛋品质、孵化性能和氮排放的影响。选用30周龄健康的快大型岭南黄羽肉种母鸡288只,根据体重和产蛋率相近原则,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。各组饲粮粗蛋白质(CP)水平分别为16%(对照组)、15%、14%、13%,各组的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸及异亮氨酸水平一致。试验期10周。结果表明:1)低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡末重、平均日增重、平均日产蛋量、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、破蛋率和不合格蛋率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡鸡蛋的蛋形指数、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄重、蛋壳重和蛋壳厚度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。13%CP组的蛋黄颜色显著高于16%CP组(P<0.05)。3)低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡的雏鸡初生重、受精蛋孵化率、弱雏率和受精率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。4)13%、14%CP组的血浆尿素氮含量显著低于16%CP组(P<0.05),13%CP组的血浆尿酸含量显著低于16%CP组(P<0.05),13%CP组的粪便氮含量显著低于16%CP组(P<0.05)。由此可见,低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对黄羽肉种鸡的生产性能、蛋品质和孵化性能无负面影响,但能够降低血浆尿素氮、尿酸含量和粪便氮含量。本试验条件下,黄羽肉种鸡产蛋高峰期的饲粮CP水平可以降低至13%(补充7种必需氨基酸)。     

Evaluation of nutrient content,physicochemical and functional properties of desalted duck egg white by ultrafiltration as desalination

In this study, the effects of ultrafiltration technique on the desalination efficiency, nutrient content, physicochemical properties, functional properties, texture profile, and microstructure of salted duck egg white were evaluated. The results showed that ultrafiltration can remove 92.93% salt from salted duck egg white (SDEW) and final salt% of desalted duck egg white (DDEW) was 0.65%. The analysis of nutrient content and amino acid of SDEW and desalted duck egg white powder (DDEWP) sample was significantly lower than those of fresh duck egg white (FDEW). Although emulsifying capacity of SDEW, DDEW, and DDEWP exhibited significantly lower than that of FDEW, an excellent foaming ability was found in those samples. Moreover, the texture profiles (gel strength, hardness and elasticity) of SDEW, DDEW, and DDEWP samples presented lower value than FDEW. The observation of microstructure, DDEWP possessed smooth surface of protein globules with deep hole liked donuts and distribution of a few of salt crystals. While salted duck egg white powder (SDEWP) had a raisin‐like surface formation with salt formed cubic crystals. Overall, both liquid and dried material of desalted duck egg could be used as a good ingredient in baking food due to their excellent foaming capacity.     

Effect of dietary digestible lysine concentration on performance,egg quality,and blood metabolites in laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary digestible lysine concentration on productive performance, egg quality, and blood metabolites in laying hens. A completely randomized block design was performed with 5 treatments and 6 replicates of 8 Hy-line W-36 hens each, from 32 to 44 wk of age. The treatments were 5 digestible lysine concentrations (0.657, 0.707, 0.757, 0.807, and 0.857% of diet). Feed intake was significantly increased with each increment in dietary digestible lysine concentration. Significant improvement in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, Haugh unit, and FCR were observed by an increase in lysine intake. Dietary lysine concentration did not have a significant impact on percentage of egg components, specific gravity, eggshell thickness, DM, and protein constituents of eggs. Dietary digestible lysine concentration did not have a significant effect on triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), uric acid, and total protein in plasma. The digestible lysine requirements for optimal egg production, egg mass, and egg weight (32 to 44 wk of age), based on the linear broken-line regression analysis, were 814, 810 and 778 (mg/b/d), respectively. Whereas, these values were 4, 3.9, and 6 percent less than those estimated by the quadratic broken-line model, respectively.     

Studies on the incorporation of 14 C-labelled amino acids into egg proteins

The incorporation of ¹⁴C‐labelled amino acids into egg white and yolk proteins has been studied. When the labelled amino acids were given intravenously as a hydrolysate of [U‐¹⁴C]‐protein from Chlorella, 10 per cent and 7 per cent of the ¹⁴G were recovered in the whites and yolks respectively of the first nine eggs laid. Differences in the specific activities of the conalbumin, the ovalbumins, ovomucoid, “postalbumins “ and lysozyme, isolated from the first active egg, were related to differences in amino acid composition. The specific activity of each amino acid prepared from the proteins was similar between different proteins, although within each protein specific activities of different amino acids varied widely. The proportionate rate of decrease of specific activity in the plasma of amino acids essential for egg production (except glycine) was constant or almost so, but it rapidly decreased for the non‐essential ones (except serine and proline). The specific activities of the amino acids, excepting aspartic and glutamic acids, in each protein were proportional to their mean specific activities in the plasma throughout the 24‐h period in which the egg white proteins were synthesised. It is concluded that these different proteins are synthesised from a shared amino acid pool, derived from plasma, at a rate which probably remains constant throughout the egg‐laying cycle and which is proportional to their content in the albumen.     

珍珠鸡蛋与海兰褐鸡蛋蛋品质及营养成分比较分析

珍珠鸡是从国外引进,经人工驯养育成的一个特色品种,其蛋用性能获得了显著进展,为加快蛋产品的开发力度,增加其附加价值,对珍珠鸡蛋和海兰褐鸡蛋蛋品质及营养成分进行比较分析。试验随机抽取新鲜珍珠鸡蛋、海兰褐鸡蛋各100枚,测定其蛋外、内在品质及主要营养成分,采用Duncan新复极差法、皮尔逊相关系数进行比较分析。研究表明,在外部品质方面,海兰褐鸡蛋蛋重高于珍珠鸡蛋15.54g（35.61%）,有极显著差异（P〈0.01）;珍珠鸡蛋蛋壳厚度比海兰褐鸡蛋的蛋壳厚0.14mm（40%）,差异极显著（P〈0.01）;由于蛋重的差异,两种鸡蛋蛋黄比例、蛋白比例、蛋壳比例也均有极显著差异（P〈0.01）。在内在品质方面,两种鸡蛋蛋清pH、蛋黄高度、蛋黄系数均无明显差异;珍珠鸡蛋浓蛋白高度比海兰褐鸡蛋的低3.02mm,有极显著差异（P〈0.01）;浓蛋白系数比海兰褐的高0.87,有显著差异（P〈0.05）;珍珠鸡蛋蛋黄颜色比海兰褐鸡蛋的颜色大一个罗氏比色值,有显著差异（P〈0.05）。在营养成分上,以g/枚为单位,珍珠鸡蛋的主要营养成分除胆固醇高于海兰褐鸡蛋外,其他均低于海兰褐鸡蛋。以g/100g为单位,珍珠鸡蛋水分含量明显低于海兰褐鸡蛋,相差12.62（20.21%）,差异极显著（P〈0.01）,脂肪含量也低于海兰褐鸡蛋,差异显著（P〈0.05）,相差1.34（4.4%）,其它营养成分均高于海兰褐鸡蛋。珍珠鸡蛋是较海兰褐鸡蛋小、壳厚、水分含量低、营养丰富的浓缩型蛋,为珍珠鸡蛋的蛋品开发创造了条件。     

鲜茶叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、蛋黄脂肪酸水平及经济指标的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的鲜茶叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及蛋黄脂肪酸水平的影响。试验将672只产蛋性能一致的28周龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复42只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组蛋鸡分别饲喂基础日粮+20（T1）、40（T2）和60?mg/kg（T3）鲜茶叶粉,试验为期6周。结果：与对照组相比,T3组蛋鸡蛋重显著提高6.12%（P＜0.05）。T3和T2组蛋鸡料蛋比较对照组和T1分别显著降低了4.07、6.67%和2.12%、4.77%。T2和T3组蛋壳厚度较对照组分别显著提高了2.06%和2.27%（P＜0.05）。此外,T3组蛋黄颜色a值较对照组和T1组分别显著提高了34.78%和20.16%（P＜0.05）。T3组蛋黄胆固醇含量分别较其他组显著降低了10.90%、7.23%和8.16%（P＜0.05）,而对照组蛋黄硫代巴比妥酸值较处理组分别显著提高了54.91%、59.52%和57.65%（P＜0.05）,而T3组蛋黄C16：1脂肪酸水平较对照组和其他组分别显著降低25.60%、20.05%和24.51%（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮添加60?mg/kg鲜茶叶粉可以显著提高蛋鸡的蛋重、饲料效率和蛋壳厚度,降低蛋黄胆固醇及硫代巴比妥酸值。 [关键词]鲜茶叶粉|蛋鸡|生产性能|蛋品质|脂肪酸     

Genetic parameters of the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and egg compositional traits in layer-type chickens

ABSTRACT

1. Generating a robust egg albumen is one of the major factors contributing to interior egg quality owing to its nutritive value and superior appearance. However, the genetic factors regulating the proportion of thick albumen are poorly understood.

2. In this study, 1330 eggs were collected from 450 Rhode Island White layers, aged 40 weeks, to measure egg compositional traits for three successive days. The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate genetic parameters for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and other egg compositional traits. A univariate animal model was fitted to calculate heritability for each trait.

3. The heritabilities of egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, Haugh units, percentages of yolk, thick albumen, thin albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were 0.32, 0.34, 0.28, 0.47, 0.61, 0.39, 0.31, and 0.45, respectively. The percentage of thick albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits, and percentage of thin albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits except for Haugh units. The thick-to-thin albumen ratio was positively correlated genetically with egg weight, albumen height and Haugh units, with correlations ranging from 0.21 to 0.54.

4. The results indicated that the percentage of thick albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were found to be moderately to highly heritable, and selection for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio could be conducive to the improvement of egg albumen quality.     

用杂粕代替部分豆粕配制日粮对蛋种鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

试验研究了氨基酸平衡的低蛋白质和杂粕日粮对蛋种鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响,结果表明:当棉籽粕、菜籽粕、棉菜粕分别代替5.5%、5%、10%的豆粕时,对蛋鸡产蛋率、日产蛋重和料蛋比无显著影响,也不影响蛋的品质(P>0.05),同时每产1kg蛋消耗的饲料成本玉米-棉粕和玉米-棉菜粕组,显著低于对照组(P<0.05);但当日粮粗蛋白质水平降低2个百分点时,蛋种鸡的日平均产蛋重显著低于正常蛋白质水平的玉米-豆粕日粮(P<0.05),而与正常蛋白质水平的杂粕日粮相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。