肽聚糖对鲫鱼嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗免疫增强效果的研究

为了探讨肽聚糖在鱼类抗嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila，AH）感染中的免疫佐剂作用，用添加A3a肽聚糖的饲料投喂接种F-AH疫苗的彭泽鲫（Carassius auratus var．pengze）；通过测定鲫白细胞吞噬活性、血清和体表黏液溶菌酶活性、抗体效价以及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率，证明肽聚糖与F-AH疫苗联合使用，鲫体表黏液和血清溶菌酶活性、白细胞吞噬活性、抗体效价以及活菌攻毒后的免疫保护率均显著提高，表明A3a肽聚糖是F-AH疫苗的良好佐剂，能增强鱼类F-AH疫苗免疫应答。     

PEG对嗜水气单胞菌疫苗制备与免疫效果影响的研究

为评价聚乙二醇(PEG)作为超声介质及疫苗佐剂对嗜水气单胞菌疫苗免疫效果的影响,本研究将该疫苗与常规疫苗分别经腹腔注射免疫接种锦鲤成鱼,检测血细胞吞噬百分率、吞噬指数、抗菌活力、抗体效价及免疫保护力等指标,评价疫苗效果.结果表明PEG6000作为佐剂制备的疫苗,其各指标均高于对照组及其他试验组.PEG6000疫苗免疫保护力达到77.8％,高于常规灭活疫苗22.2％,表明PEG6000作为佐剂制备的疫苗效果最好.     

嗜水气单胞菌重庆WL3-X2分离株灭活疫苗对大鲵的免疫保护效果的研究

为评估重庆地区分离的嗜气单胞菌WL3-X2分离株对大鲵的免疫原性,本研究将嗜水气单胞菌WL3-X2分离株经福尔马林灭活,作为免疫原,通过腹腔注射途径间隔2周两次免疫健康大鲵,并检测其体内血清抗体、溶菌酶、补体C3及其免疫保护效应。结果显示,免疫嗜水气单胞菌灭活菌能够显著提高大鲵血清抗体滴度、溶菌酶活性和补体C3含量,首免35 d后这3项指标均达到峰值。此外,对初免4周后的大鲵经肌肉注射0.2 m L浓度为1.0×10~8 cfu/m L剂量的嗜水气单胞菌WL3-X2分离株,进行攻毒保护试验。结果表明,免疫组的相对免疫保护率为66.7%。本研究结果表明,嗜水气单胞菌地方分离株灭活菌对大鲵具有显著免疫保护效力,可以作为大鲵预防嗜水气单胞菌感染的候选疫苗。     

罗非鱼出血病病原鉴定及疫苗的研究

从患出血病罗非鱼的血液、肝、脾分离出嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）,经动物回归和理化试验鉴定,确诊嗜水气单胞菌为罗非鱼出血病病原;用分离菌制成的饵料吸附型疫苗进行田间试验,免疫组罗非鱼保护率为８７．１％,未免疫组存活率为５９．９％,两组间差异极显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

罗非鱼出血病病原鉴定及疫苗

从惠出血病罗非鱼血液、肝脏、脾脏中分离到一株细菌,经理化鉴定,该菌为嗜水气单胞菌,动物回归试验阳性,认为该罗非鱼出血病是嗜水气单胞菌引起。用该分离菌制成的饵料及附型疫苗田间免疫罗非鱼成活率达87．1％,未免疫组成活率仅59．9％。     

猪链球菌三价灭活疫苗免疫佐剂的筛选

为筛选适用于新型猪源链球菌(SS)灭活疫苗的佐剂,本研究以SS1 Z1株、SS2 Z2株和SS7 Z7株为抗原,分别配制ISA201 VG双相油乳佐剂疫苗(简称ISA201疫苗)、GEL 02 PR水溶性聚合物佐剂疫苗(简称GEL疫苗)、IMS1313N VG水溶性纳米佐剂疫苗(简称IMS1313疫苗)、矿物油佐剂疫苗(简称油疫苗)、氢氧化铝胶佐剂疫苗(简称铝胶疫苗)共5种佐剂的三价灭活疫苗。豚鼠和仔猪安全性试验结果表明:油佐剂疫苗的副反应较大,其余疫苗的副反应较小。仔猪免疫保护试验结果显示:二免14 d后利用约为1 LD_(100)的SS2 Z2株对仔猪经耳缘静脉攻毒,ISA201疫苗、GEL疫苗对仔猪的保护率均为100%,油疫苗和铝胶疫苗保护率分别为60%、40%,IMS1313疫苗组的保护率为0;利用1 LD_(100) SS1 Z1株攻毒后,ISA201疫苗、GEL疫苗、油疫苗、铝胶疫苗和IMS1313疫苗对仔猪的保护率分别为100%、80%、80%、60%和0。综上结果表明,ISA201疫苗免疫仔猪能产生最高的抗体水平,同时提供了最高的保护效力,且副反应较小,确定ISA201为开发链球菌灭活苗的首选佐剂。本研究为SS三价灭活疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

黄芪多糖对杂交鲌的非特异性免疫作用

在饲料中添加定量的黄芪多糖,探讨黄芪多糖对杂交鲌的免疫调节作用。用添加不同含量黄芪多糖的饲料,连续投喂杂交鲌30 d,测定试验鱼的增重、血清凝集抗体效价、溶菌酶的活性、谷丙转氨酶的活性、血清总蛋白含量和白细胞吞噬活性。进行攻毒嗜水气单胞菌活菌的复感染试验,测定相对免疫保护率。结果显示添加黄芪多糖的饲料投喂杂交鲌生长速度较对照组稍快;试验组鱼体的溶菌酶活性和白细胞吞噬活性,比对照组鱼体均有所提高;谷丙转氨酶活性的检测结果表明试验组鱼体的肝功能有所改善;对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗能力,与空白对照组相比有所增强。说明黄芪多糖对杂交鲌免疫机能具有调节作用。     

不同佐剂大肠杆菌疫苗对免疫效果的影响

采用培养后大肠杆菌菌液、大肠杆菌与矿物油佐剂及氢氧化铝佐剂分别制备免疫原。对兔间隔14 d皮下免疫注射2次，每只兔的免疫剂量为1 ml/kg。最后一次免疫注射后20 d，取兔血清进行凝集试验测其抗体效价。结果表明：加矿物油佐剂苗的抗体效价最高（1∶256），不加佐剂苗的抗体效价次之（1∶128），加入氢氧化铝佐剂苗的抗体效价最低（1∶64）。     

超声灭活大肠杆菌制造禽大肠杆菌病疫苗

超声灭活大肠杆菌继之以辐射处理是一种制备大肠杆菌病疫苗最有效的方法。该法制备的疫苗比用其他方法（热，甲醛，辐射等）灭活制备的疫苗的保护率都高，该法制的O2：1株超声疫苗同时能抵抗同源菌株O73：K80的攻击，其保护率与攻毒当天测得的大肠杆菌抗体效价成正相关，免疫后5天仅能测得低效价抗体，保护率为20％，免疫后5－18天可 得高效价抗体，攻毒后只有极少数出现病变，每个攻毒组中，无病变鸡比有病变鸡抗体效价高，显示鸡病变程度与抗体效价之间存在相关性。     

“兔瘟”疫苗中不同佐剂对免疫效果的影响

利用“兔瘟”病毒枣(?)毒株(RVZ85)制备的不含佐剂疫苗,甘油佐剂疫苗、氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗和矿物油佐剂疫苗免疫接种易感家兔,定期测 HI 抗体效价并进行人工攻毒试验.结果证明,不含佐剂的疫苗产生的保护力最早,免疫后三天即4/4保护.用四种疫苗免疫接种后一年内,对攻毒的保护率均为100%.四种疫苗中,以矿物油佐剂疫苗免疫兔的HI抗体效价最高,氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗次之,甘油佐剂疫苗及不含佐剂疫苗的HI效价较低。氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗在室温保存8.5个月,免疫兔4/4保护;室温保存14个月.免疫兔2/3保护:4℃保存14个月,免疫兔4/4保护.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.