南方高温环境下植酸酶对杜长大猪生产性能和钙、磷、蛋白质利用率的影响

本研究选用60头4周龄杜长大断奶仔猪(7.33±0.45kg),评价在我国南方夏季高温环境下植酸酶对高生产性能猪的生物学功效.试验设5个处理组,每个处理组设6个重复(每重复2头猪),饲喂玉米-米糠-豆粕型饲粮.在低磷水平的饲粮(负对照组)中,分别添加250PTU/kg、500PTU/kg、750PTU/kg植酸酶和0.15%无机磷(正对照组),组成5种不同的试验饲粮.试验结果表明植酸酶的添加,显著提高了断奶到育成阶段猪的日增重和采食量;改善了血清无机磷、钙浓度;提高了饲粮中磷、钙的消化率,降低了粪中磷的排放量.试验结果表明,植酸酶可以部分替代断奶到育成阶段猪饲粮中无机磷,并减轻磷对环境的污染.本研究根据植酸酶和无机磷对猪生产性能、血清相关生化指标和饲粮中磷、钙的消化率反应的比较推断,500～750PTU/kg植酸酶即可替代0.15%饲料无机磷.     

南方高温环境下植酸酶对杜长大猪生产性能和钙、磷、蛋白质利用率的影响

本研究选用60头4周龄杜长大断奶仔猪(7.33±0.45kg),评价在我国南方夏季高温环境下植酸酶对高生产性能猪的生物学功效。试验设5个处理组,每个处理组设6个重复(每重复2头猪),饲喂玉米-米糠-豆粕型饲粮。在低磷水平的饲粮(负对照组)中,分别添加250PTU/kg、500PTU/kg、750PTU/kg植酸酶和0.15%无机磷(正对照组),组成5种不同的试验饲粮。试验结果表明:植酸酶的添加,显著提高了断奶到育成阶段猪的日增重和采食量;改善了血清无机磷、钙浓度;提高了饲粮中磷、钙的消化率,降低了粪中磷的排放量。试验结果表明,植酸酶可以部分替代断奶到育成阶段猪饲粮中无机磷,并减轻磷对环境的污染。本研究根据植酸酶和无机磷对猪生产性能、血清相关生化指标和饲粮中磷、钙的消化率反应的比较推断,500～750PTU/kg植酸酶即可替代0.15%饲料无机磷。     

植酸酶对仔猪生长性能及磷利用率的影响

植酸酶添加到仔猪饲粮中可提高仔猪生长性能及磷消化利用率,同时减少猪粪尿中磷的排出,减轻对环境的污染。试验选用60日龄杜长大仔猪,研究不同水平的植酸酶替代磷酸氢钙对仔猪生长性能及磷消化利用率的影响。结果表明:仔猪饲粮中添加750FTU/kg和1000 FTU/kg植酸酶替代80%磷酸氢钙日增重分别比对照组提高了4.72%和5.24%,差异显著(P<0.05),饲料利用率分别比对照组提高了3.33%和3.67%(P<0.05)。仔猪饲粮中添加植酸酶可提高磷的表观消化率和利用率,同时磷的排泄量减少。试验结果证实了在仔猪日粮中添加植酸酶,可大部分替代磷酸氢钙,减少无机磷的添加量,从而减少猪粪尿中磷的排出,减轻对环境的污染。从增重效果及饲料成本来看,植酸酶添加量为750 FTU/kg(与对照组相比)较为适宜,可显著减少粪尿中磷的排泄量23.75%(P<0.01)。     

低磷饲粮添加植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在探究低磷(P)饲粮中不同添加量的植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和骨骼发育的影响。试验选用35头21日龄断奶、初始均重为(7.62±0.44)kg的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪,随机分为5组,每组7个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在低磷饲粮[前期:钙(Ca)5.1 g/kg,有效磷(AP)2.0 g/kg;后期:钙4.6 g/kg,有效磷1.6 g/kg]中分别添加0、250、500、1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶,试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶显著提高了断奶仔猪第15~21天和第1~21天平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)(P0.05),但对料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组及低磷饲粮组相比,添加植酸酶显著提高了干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、钙、磷和总能(GE)的表观消化率(P0.05),且1 000 FTU/kg各项指标优于其他试验组。3)与对照组相比,添加1 000 FTU/kg植酸酶显著提高了第3掌骨的骨骼长度(P0.05)。由此可知,玉米-豆粕饲粮中添加植酸酶能够显著改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,提高养分表观消化率,促进仔猪骨骼的发育,节约饲料经济成本;在本试验条件下,21日龄断奶仔猪饲喂有效磷1.6~2.0 g/kg的玉米-豆粕型饲粮时,植酸酶适宜添加量为1 000 FTU/kg。     

不同日粮条件下添加植酸酶对生长猪生产性能、养分利用和骨骼发育的影响研究

本文旨在研究不同日粮条件下添加植酸酶时生长猪生产性能、磷利用率和骨骼发育的影响.试验选用体重40 kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪36头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复3头猪.4组试验猪的处理为2×2因子设计,即两种类型(小麦型和糙米型)日粮和添加或不添加植酸酶(每千克加植酸酶日粮共舍植酸酶947FTU,替代0.7 g无机磷).试验结果表明:各处理组猪的平均日增重(ADG)差异不显著(P＞0.05).小麦型不加酶日粮组采食量(ADFI)显著高于其他各处理组(P<0.05),小麦型不加酶日粮组料肉比(F/G)显著低于小麦型加酶和糙米型不加酶日粮组(P＜0.05).不同日粮条件、加酶或不加酶处理组生长猪骨骼折断强度、骨灰分及灰分磷含量的差异均不显著(P＞0.05).不同日粮磷表观消化率差异不显著,同种日粮条件下,加酶能显著提高饲料磷的表观消化率(P＜0.05).     

小麦型日粮添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、回肠氨基酸表观消化率及常量元素沉积的影响

本文旨在研究小麦型日粮中添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、回肠氨基酸表观消化率及矿物元素沉积的影响。试验选择1日龄科宝白羽肉仔鸡850只,随机分成5组,每组5个重复,每个重复34只鸡。一共有5种日粮,即低磷日粮、高磷日粮、低磷日粮+2000 IU/kg木聚糖酶、低磷日粮+500 FTU/kg植酸酶,低磷日粮+2000 IU/kg木聚糖酶+500 FTU/kg植酸酶,试验进行21 d。低磷组较高磷组显著降低了肉鸡的日增重、日采食量及趾骨灰分含量(P <0.05),与低磷组相比,木聚糖酶组显著降低了肉鸡的料比(P <0.05),而植酸酶组显著提高了肉鸡日增重、日采食量、趾骨灰分及饲料利用率(P <0.05)。复合酶组显著提高了15种氨基酸回肠表观消化率(P <0.05)。与低磷组相比,木聚糖酶组显著提高了表观消化能和可消化代谢能及回肠氮消化率(P <0.05),而植酸酶显著提高了氮沉积及回肠氮消化率(P <0.05),复合酶组显著提高了代谢能、可消化代谢能及氮沉积量(P <0.05)。植酸酶和复合酶组较高磷组显著提高了磷表观消化率和沉积量(P <0.05),但低磷组较高磷组显著提高了钙的表观消化率(P <0.05),植酸酶酶和复合酶组较其他3组显著提高了钾的沉积量(P <0.05)。结论 :小麦型日粮同时添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生长和消化的影响要优于单独添加这两种酶。     

微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷利用率及骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在研究从断奶到肥育结束,在饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷代谢及骨骼发育的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头35日龄断奶的仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头。试验在相同钙水平基础上设4个组,分别为:1)玉米-豆粕基础日粮(对照组);2)基础日粮 植酸酶-50%磷酸氢钙(处理1);3)基础日粮 植酸酶-75%磷酸氢钙(处理2);4)基础日粮 植酸酶-100%磷酸氢钙(处理3)。试验期按体重分3个阶段:8~20 kg、20~50 kg、50~90 kg,3个阶段植酸酶的添加量分别为750、500和250 U/kg。试验结果表明:(1)在8~20 kg和20~50 kg阶段,添加植酸酶的3个处理,钙、磷消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血钙和血磷浓度,处理1和处理2与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),处理3显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在50~90 kg阶段,添加250 U/kg植酸酶代替100%磷酸氢钙,血磷、血钙浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);(2)在试验的3个阶段添加植酸酶同时降低饲粮无机磷水平,对血清碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)添加植酸酶使胃中植酸磷消化率显著提高(P<0.0 1),粪中磷排出量显著降低(8~2 0 kg、2 0~5 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 1;5 0~9 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 5);(4)添加植酸酶代替50%或75%磷酸氢钙,猪的掌骨灰分与采食正常磷日粮的对照组无显著差异,但代替100%磷酸氢钙组,猪的掌骨灰分和蹠骨强度则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);添加植酸酶代替50%磷酸氢钙组,猪的蹠骨强度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),代替75%磷酸氢钙组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,在断奶和生长阶段,在猪玉米-豆粕日粮中添加植酸酶可代替部分磷酸氢钙,促进了钙、磷消化利用,促进了骨骼生长,也促进了植酸磷的利用,降低了粪磷排出。     

微生物植酸酶与1～21日龄肉鸡饲粮无机磷当量模型研究

本试验研究饲粮非植酸磷（NPP）和植酸酶添加水平对1～21日龄肉鸡生长性能、养分利用、血液指标及胫骨发育的影响,确定微生物植酸酶与无机磷当量关系。试验设计10个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10只鸡。前4种饲粮NPP水平为2.1、2.9、3.7和4.5 g/kg;后6种饲粮在基础饲粮（NPP 2.1 g/kg,总磷（tP）4.5 g/kg）中添加植酸酶250、500、1 000、2 000、4 000和8 000 U/kg。结果显示：（1）随饲粮NPP水平升高,肉鸡体增重、采食量、饲料转化率、血浆无机磷浓度、胫骨长度、强度、灰分含量与重量、胫骨磷含量以及粗蛋白质、tP和Ca利用率呈二次曲线升高,而死亡率、血浆Ca含量及碱性磷酸酶活性呈二次曲线降低;（2）随植酸酶水平升高,肉鸡生长性能、血浆和胫骨指标、养分利用率呈现与NPP水平增加类似的趋势;（3）当植酸酶水平达到8 000 U/kg时,肉鸡生长性能、血浆和胫骨指标以及粗蛋白质利用率达到对照组（NPP 4.5 g/kg）水平,总磷利用率提高到85%,植酸磷释放率达到94.84%;（4）以胫骨灰分重量为指标,饲粮中无机磷释放量（y,g/kg）与微生物植酸酶添加水平（x,U/kg）之间的关系模型为y = 0.425 4 &#215; log2（1 ＋ x/250） ＋ 0.283 （n=7,R^2 = 0.915 3,P=0.000 7）。结果表明,高水平植酸酶可降解肉鸡饲粮中几乎全部植酸磷,植酸酶添加水平与无机磷当量模型可为确定配方中磷水平提供参考。     

不同无机磷水平日粮添加植酸酶对保育猪生长性能、血清生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究不同无机磷水平日粮添加植酸酶对保育猪生长性能、血清生化指标及养分表观消化率的影响。选择(40±2)日龄保育猪224头,随机分为7个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复8头猪。处理Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮(参照NRC(1998)配制,通过加入磷酸氢钙满足磷需要量),处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组磷酸氢钙水平分别为对照组的100%,75%、50%、25%、0%,并添加750FTU·kg-1的植酸酶,处理Ⅶ为阴性对照组,不添加磷酸氢钙和植酸酶,预试期7d,试验期35d。试验结果表明,100%、75%、50%磷酸氢钙加酶组的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比均与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),无磷酸氢钙组添加植酸酶可以显著改善料重比(P0.05)。随日粮无机磷水平的降低,加酶组的平均日增重、平均日采食量及血清磷浓度呈线性和二次曲线降低(P0.01),血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及钙、磷、粗蛋白、干物质的表观消化率呈线性和二次曲线升高(P0.01)。无磷酸氢钙加酶组钙和磷的表观消化率显著高于阴性对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,本试验条件下,在日粮中添加植酸酶降低无机磷添加量能提高保育猪对日粮中养分的表观消化率,改善生长性能;并且,植酸酶在低磷日粮中的效果更为明显。综合各项指标,在保育猪日粮中添加750FTU·kg-1的植酸酶可以降低25%~50%的磷酸氢钙添加量。     

植酸酶在我国南方夏季高温环境下对猪的生物学功效

本研究选用60头4周龄杜长大断奶仔猪(7．33 0．45kg)，评价在我国南方夏季高温环境下植酸酶对高生产性能猪的生物学功效。试验设5个处理组。每个处理组设6个重复(每重复2头猪)，饲喂玉米-米糠-豆粕型饲粮。在低磷水平的饲粮(负对照组)中，分别添加250PTU／kg、500PTU／kg、750PTU／kg植酸酶和0．15％无机磷(正对照组)，组成5种不同的试验饲粮。试验结果表明：植酸酶的添加，显著提高了断奶到生长阶段猪的日增重和采食量；改善了血清无机磷、钙浓度；提高了饲粮中磷、钙的消化率，降低了粪中磷的排放量。试验结果说明。植酸酶可以部分替代断奶到生长阶段猪饲粮中无机磷，并减轻磷对环境的污染。本研究根据植酸酶和无机磷对猪生产性能、血清相关生化指标和饲粮中磷、钙的消化率反应的比较推断。500PTU／kg～750PTU／kg植酸酶即可替代0．15％饲料无机磷。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.