东北部分地区猪链球菌对四环素类药物耐药机制的研究

为了研究东北部分地区猪链球菌对四环素类药物的耐药机制,在兰氏分群的基础上,对东北部分地区分离的12株猪链球菌进行四环素类药物的耐药性测定和相关基因的扩增。结果表明:12株猪链球菌均属于D群,其中91.7%对多西环素耐药,100%对土霉素耐药,83.3%对盐酸金霉素耐药;12株菌均扩增出tetM基因,但未扩增出tetO基因。同源性分析结果显示扩增的tetM基因与GenBank中的肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌等的tetM基因的同源性为94%~100%。     

猪链球菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药性的研究进展

猪链球菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性日益严重,尤其在我国更为突出,文章对猪链球菌的耐药性状况、对喹诺酮类药物耐药的分子机制以及如何防止耐药性产生等问题进行了概述,以期为进一步研究提供理论依据.     

猪链球菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药机制

猪链球菌是一种人畜共患病病原菌,对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性日趋严重。本文从其耐药现状、耐药分子机制、耐药菌株的常用实验室检测方法三方面进行阐述,以期为预防治疗猪链球菌病与研制新型药物提供理论依据。     

猪链球菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药机制的研究进展

猪链球菌是一种人畜共患病病原菌, 对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性日趋严重.本文从其耐药现状、耐药分子机制、耐药菌株的常用实验室检测方法三方面进行阐述,以期为预防治疗猪链球菌病与研制新型药物提供理论依据.     

链球菌2型对恩诺沙星耐药机制及耐药株毒力变化研究进展

猪链球菌病(Swine Streptococcosis,SS)是由多种溶血性链球菌引起的急性发热性人兽共患传染病,是近年来严重危害我国养猪业发展的新发细菌性传染病。猪链球菌耐药问题非常突出。本文对链球菌2型对恩诺沙星耐药机制及耐药株毒力变化研究进展进行综述,重点介绍猪链球菌2型逐渐演变为耐药菌时,其毒力因子和致病性之间的关系。最大限度地降低细菌耐药性与延长抗菌药物的疗效周期是人类所面临的长期挑战。     

纳米银对猪链球菌体外抗菌活性及其生物膜形成的影响

【目的】 研究纳米银（silver nanoparticles,AgNPs）对多重耐药猪链球菌（Streptococcus suis,S.suis）的体外抗菌活性及其生物膜形成的影响,为解决猪链球菌的耐药问题提供参考。【方法】 以5株临床分离的多重耐药猪链球菌（S1018、S894、S786、S815和S844）为研究对象,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定AgNPs对5株猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC）,通过测定AgNPs作用下细菌的生长速率以及不同浓度AgNPs对猪链球菌的抑制率来评价AgNPs的抗菌活性;通过结晶紫染色法测定各菌株生物膜的形成能力和6.25、12.5、25、50 μg/mL AgNPs对5株多重耐药猪链球菌菌株生物膜形成的影响。【结果】 AgNPs对S1018株的MIC和MBC均为12.5 μg/mL,对其余4株多重耐药猪链球菌的MIC和MBC均为25.0 μg/mL;AgNPs对多重耐药猪链球菌的抗菌活性好,25~100 μg/mL AgNPs对5株菌的抑制率可以达到96.60%~99.70%,在1/2MIC、1MIC和2MIC AgNPs作用下细菌生长速率明显受到抑制。5株多重耐药猪链球菌均能形成生物膜,6.25、12.5、25、50 μg/mL AgNPs对5株多重耐药猪链球菌菌株生物膜形成的抑制率为17.98%~45.58%。【结论】 AgNPs对多重耐药猪链球菌的活性和生物膜形成均具有抑制作用。     

猪链球菌2型感染的临床特征和治疗

猪链球菌2型感染对于畜牧养殖者而言,严重损害其经济效益与社会效益,与此同时,该疾病对相关人员的生命健康也会构成严重威胁,当该疾病获得流动机制,则会造成大量动物和人类死亡。因此,猪链球菌2型感染受到广泛的关注与研究,并且对其发生机制以及流行特点等进行了刻苦探索与研究。本文以下将猪链球菌2型感染的流行特点进行简单的概述,并且其临床症状以及病理变化进行分析与介绍,同时,针对该疾病提出几点防治方法与建     

临床健康猪群猪链球菌的检测及耐药性研究概况

猪链球菌是各地广泛存在的人畜共患传染病的病原菌，给养猪业带来严重的经济损失，并危及社会公共卫生安全。临床健康猪携带多种血清型猪链球菌且其检出率高，为了解我国不同地区临床健康猪群猪链球菌携带情况及其对各种常用抗生素耐药情况的研究进展，笔者查阅了相关资料，对我国不同地区进行的相关研究进行综述，以便更好地防治猪链球菌病，同时对保障有关从业人员的健康提供一定的科学理论。     

猪链球菌14型的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为了检测确定2019年5月河南某规模化猪场一栋保育仔猪发病猪群的病原,本研究从送检的发病猪关节液中分离获得1株细菌。通过细菌纯化培养、革兰氏染色、形态学观察及猪链球菌gdh基因PCR扩增,确定该分离菌株为猪链球菌。用猪链球菌分型引物对该菌株进行PCR扩增分型鉴定及软件比对分析,结果表明该分离菌株为猪链球菌14型,与猪链球菌JS14株(GenBank登录号:CP002465.1)同源性为100%。毒力基因检测结果表明,该菌株的同时携带有epf、mrp、sly、fbps、orf2毒力基因,属于高致病性菌株。小鼠致病性试验结果也证明该菌株是一株高致病性猪链球菌。药物敏感性试验结果显示,该菌株对β内酰胺类和喹诺酮类药物敏感,对氨基糖苷类、四环素类、大环内酯类和磺胺类高度耐药,表现出多重耐药现象。对该菌株进行5大类24种耐药基因检测,该菌株同时携带有bla_(TEM)、aadA1、strA、strB、aacC2、aphA1、tet(B)、gyrA、parC、sul2耐药基因。该研究为后续进一步开展猪链球菌14型流行特点和致病机制研究奠定了基础,为猪链球菌14型临床防控提供了理论依据,同时具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

猪链球菌14型的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为了检测确定2019年5月河南某规模化猪场一栋保育仔猪发病猪群的病原,本研究从送检的发病猪关节液中分离获得1株细菌。通过细菌纯化培养、革兰氏染色、形态学观察及猪链球菌gdh基因PCR扩增,确定该分离菌株为猪链球菌。用猪链球菌分型引物对该菌株进行PCR扩增分型鉴定及软件比对分析,结果表明该分离菌株为猪链球菌14型,与猪链球菌JS14株（GenBank登录号：CP002465.1）同源性为100%。毒力基因检测结果表明,该菌株的同时携带有epf、mrp、sly、fbps、orf2毒力基因,属于高致病性菌株。小鼠致病性试验结果也证明该菌株是一株高致病性猪链球菌。药物敏感性试验结果显示,该菌株对β内酰胺类和喹诺酮类药物敏感,对氨基糖苷类、四环素类、大环内酯类和磺胺类高度耐药,表现出多重耐药现象。对该菌株进行5大类24种耐药基因检测,该菌株同时携带有bla_TEM、aadA1、strA、strB、aacC2、aphA1、tet（B）、gyrA、parC、sul2耐药基因。该研究为后续进一步开展猪链球菌14型流行特点和致病机制研究奠定了基础,为猪链球菌14型临床防控提供了理论依据,同时具有重要的公共卫生意义。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.