鸡传染性贫血病毒感染胸腺集落刺激因子对骨髓粒单系祖细胞增殖功能的影响

本文研究了鸡传染性贫血病毒感染鸡胸腺ＣＳＦ对正常鸡骨髓粒单系祖细胞（ＣＦＵ—ＧＭ）增殖功能的影响．结果表明，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后１４天胸腺ＣＳＦ对ＣＦＵ—ＧＭ刺激作用与对照鸡比较未见明显异常．感染后２１天，刺激作用较对照鸡明显增强（ｐ＜０．０１）；感染２８天以后，其刺激作用达正常成水平．结果证明，ＣＩＡＶ感染引起的骨髓造血机能障碍与胸腺ＣＳＦ活性无关．     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染鸡血清对骨髓造血祖细胞增殖功能的影响

本文研究了鸡传染贫血病毒感染鸡血清对正常鸡骨髓ＣＦＵ－Ｅ和ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ集落生长的影响。结果发现，ＣＩＡＶ感染后第２１天的鸡血清对骨髓ＣＦＵ－Ｅ生长具有明显抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）；于感染后第７，１４，２１天的血清对ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ呈现明显抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明感染鸡血清中存在对骨髓造血祖细胞增殖具有抑制作用的因子。     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染胸腺集落刺激因子对骨髓粒单系祖细胞增殖功…

本文研究了鸡传染性盆血病毒感染鸡胸腺ＣＳＦ对正常鸡骨髓粒单系祖细胞增殖功能的影响。结果表明，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后１４天胸腺ＣＳＦ对ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ刺激作用与对照鸡比较未见明显异常。感染后２１天，刺激作用较对照鸡明显增强；感染２８天以后，其刺激作用达正常鸡水平。结果证明，ＣＩＡＶ感染引起的骨髓造血机能障碍与胸腺ＣＳＦ活性无关。     

雏鸡传染性贫血

雏鸡传染性贫血雏鸡传染性贫血（ＣｈｉｃｋｅｎＩｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｕｓＡｎａｅｎｉａ，ＣＩＡ），也称鸡贫血因子感染症、蓝翅病、贫血─—皮炎综合症，是由鸡贫血因子（ＣＡＡ）引起的一种雏鸡的亚急性传染病。主要表现为雏鸡死亡率增高，因骨髓造血组织萎缩而致贫血、皮...     

一日龄雏鸡感染鸡盆血病病毒及鸡呼肠病毒的协同作用

１日龄ＳＰＦ来航鸡经口双重感染鸡贫血病病毒（ＣＡＶ）Ｃｕｘ－１株及鸡呼肠病毒（ＲＥＯＶ）Ｓ１１３３或Ｕｃｈｉｄａ株。于接种后第１４天，检查血细胞压积（ＰＣＶ）、称体重、观察骨髓、胸腺及法氏囊病变。结果，双重感染ＣＡＶ及Ｓ１１３３株ＲＥＯＶ的雏鸡与感染其中之一病毒的雏鸡相比，其体重增重少，病变重，而且比仅感染ＣＡＶ的雏鸡在平均ＰＣＶ上也明显低。双重感染ＣＡＶ及Ｕｃｈｉｄａ株ＲＥＯＶ的雏鸡，不加重发病     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染鸡血清对骨髓造血祖细胞增殖功能的影响

本文研究了鸡传染性贫血病毒感染鸡血清对正常鸡骨髓ＣＦＵ－Ｅ和ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ集落生长的影响．结果发现，ＣＩＡＶ感染后第２１天的鸡血清对骨髓ＣＦＵ－Ｅ生长具有明显抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５），于感染后第７、１４、２１天的血清对ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ呈现明显仰制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明感染鸡血清中存在对骨髓造血祖细胞增殖具有抑制作用的因子．     

鸡贫血因子感染雏鸡后血液凝血物质的变化

对１日龄雏鸡感染鸡贫血因子（ＣＡＡ）后血浆的凝血酶时间，凝血酶原时间，部分凝血活酶时间，纤维蛋白原含量及副凝试验等指标进行了检测。结果表明，感染ＣＡＡ雏鸡血浆凝血时间和部分凝血活酶时间分别于感染后７－２８日和１４－２１日明显延长；凝血酶原时间和纤维蛋白原含量于７－１４日虽吴现延长或减少，但无统计学意义；副凝试验于感染后７－１４日呈阳性反应。     

鸡传染性贫血病骨髓造血微环境的研究

对１日龄雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后骨髓造血微环境的变化进行动态观察，结果显示，ＣＩＡＶ感染后７～２１天，骨髓基质中性粘多糖减少，酸性粘多糖增多，表明造血微环境基质粘多糖对红系造血细胞的增殖，分化和成熟具有一定的抑制作用，骨髓成纤维祖细胞代体外增殖功能，成纤维细胞，内皮细胞等基质细胞的均形态学均未见明显异常，表明骨髓造血微环境的细胞不是ＣＩＡＶ作用的靶细胞，这对鸡感染后期造血功能的恢复具有重要意义。     

雏鸡感染CIAV后细胞因子与免疫功能变化

本实验研究了１日龄雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后免疫器官Ｔ细胞的ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ、ＣＳＦ诱生活性、Ｔ细胞与Ｂ细胞增殖反应的动态变化。结果表明，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后：（１）胸腺和脾脏Ｔ细胞ＩＬ－２诱生活性分别于７～２１ｄ不１７～１４ｄ明显降低；（２）脾脏淋巴细胞ＩＦＮ诱生活性于７～１４ｄ显著减弱；（３）胸腺淋巴细胞ＣＳＦ诱生活性于１４ｄ未见异常，２１ｄ明显升高；（４）胸腺和脾脏Ｔ细胞增殖反应分别于１４ｄ和７～２１ｄ明显减弱：（５）法氏囊和脾脏Ｂ细胞增殖反应分别于７～２１ｄ和２１ｄ显著减弱；（６）胸腺重量与体重比值、法氏囊重量与体重比值、体重均明显降低；（７）外周血液ＰＣＶ、ＲＢＣ、Ｈｂ、ＷＢＣ、血栓细胞（血小板）数值均明显降低。     

鸡传染性贫血病毒感染对雏鸡免疫系统的影响

１日龄雏鸡感染鸡传染性贫血病毒后，胸腺和脾脏Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应分别于１４ｄ和７－２１ｄ明显减弱（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；法氏囊和脾脏Ｂ淋巴细胞增殖反应分别于７－２１ｄ和２１ｄ显著减弱（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；由此说明雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后，胸腺，法氏囊和脾脏的细胞免疫功能和／或体液免疫功能均明显降低，此外，雏鸡感染ＣＩＡＶ后１４－４２ｄ，体重明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），胸腺和法     

Cortisol levels in cats’ hair in presence or absence of Microsporum canis infection

The purpose of this work was to perform a preliminary screening in the domestic cat to assess the concentration of cortisol in hairs by radioimmunoassay technique (RIA) in presence or absence of Microsporum canis infections. A total of 245 cats (7 with cutaneous lesions referable to dermatophytosis and 238 apparently healthy) coming from 14 shelters were examined. M. canis was isolated in 126 (51.4%) cats. The cortisol levels were significantly higher in cats with lesions or without lesions but with a high number of colonies in the plates (⩾10 CFU) than in cats negative or with a lower number of colonies. The results obtained seem to highlight that chronic high levels of cortisol in cats could possibly promote the dermatophytes infections. Furthermore, in High-CFU asymptomatic cats, it could be present a state of infectious, and they, therefore, represents not a simple mechanical carrier.     

新疆褐牛与荷斯坦牛隐性乳房炎与体细胞数、病原菌种类的比较

本试验以新疆乌鲁木齐市地区一大中型奶牛场的新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛奶样为研究对象,对奶样进行了病原菌分离培养,同时对不同品种牛体细胞数与菌落形成单位（colony-forming unit, CFU）、体细胞数与不同年龄进行了统计分析。结果表明,2个品种牛感染病原菌种类稍有差别且新疆褐牛感染葡萄球菌的机率明显高于荷斯坦牛;荷斯坦牛比新疆褐牛更容易患乳房炎;新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛体细胞在小于20万/mL时均与体细胞大于50万/mL时的CFU值呈显著差异（P＜0.05）,而这2个品种牛的体细胞在20～50万/mL时分别与体细胞小于20万/mL、大于50万/mL时的CFU值均无显著差异（P＞0.05）,初步推测体细胞数和细菌总数之间没有必然联系,还受其它因素影响;此外,随着年龄增长,褐牛和荷斯坦牛的体细胞评分（somatic cell score,SCS）都呈上升趋势,且不同品种间的SCS差异显著。     

不同培养方式对副猪嗜血杆菌发酵的影响

本研究采用分批培养及分批补料培养方式进行副猪嗜血杆菌的发酵培养,以提高其菌体生物量。本试验首先分析了副猪嗜血杆菌分批培养的发酵过程,然后采用分批培养、恒速流加分批发酵、pH反馈流加分批发酵3种培养方式进行副猪嗜血杆菌发酵培养。结果显示利用恒速流加分批发酵方式进行副猪嗜血杆菌发酵时活菌数最高,为1.6×10¹⁰ CFU/mL,表明采用分批补料培养方式可明显地提高副猪嗜血杆菌的活菌数,且为分批培养的3~4倍。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.