畜禽粪污资源化利用方式研究进展

畜禽粪污污染是近年来养殖业高速发展产生的必然结果。由于规模扩大养殖场粪污排放量大幅增加,但基础设施以及处理技术未能适应畜牧业的发展形势。畜禽粪污污染不仅影响畜禽、工作人员健康,且对周边生态环境产生难以消除的影响。目前众多学者对粪污资源化利用做了大量研究,也取得了重大研究成果。本文重点对畜禽粪污的特点和国内外畜禽粪污资源化利用技术的相关研究进展进行综述,为继续研究粪污资源化处理的关键技术、降低畜禽粪污对环境的污染,提高畜禽粪污资源化处理效果等提供有效参考。     

畜禽粪污资源化利用现状及建议

正畜禽粪污资源化利用是解决畜禽粪污问题的根本途径,能够有效促进现代畜牧业快速发展和乡村振兴农村环境整治。笔者对当前畜禽粪污污染进行概述,指出畜禽粪污污染整治中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。一、畜禽粪污污染概况随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,畜禽养殖总量和畜禽粪污排放量逐年增加。畜禽粪污、病死动物等废弃物处置不当,将会危及畜禽健康,     

猪场粪污重金属污染控制措施

随着规模化养猪的兴起,猪场粪污污染问题已成为人们关注的热点。实际生产中猪场粪污常用作农业生产的有机肥料,但是由于饲料中微量元素添加剂的滥用,导致猪粪中重金属含量超标,给人体健康造成了严重威胁。本文剖析了猪场粪污重金属污染的危害,从加强粪污源头控制、使用有机微量元素、采用堆肥发酵和使用钝化剂吸附等方面提出了控制措施,望对规模化猪场粪污重金属污染治理提供借鉴。     

金沙县畜禽粪污资源存在的问题及分析

当前,畜禽粪污污染已成为环境污染的重要因素之一,我县在畜禽粪污污染治理上采取了很多有效的措施,其中粪污资源化利用是解决粪污污染治理的有效途径。粪污资源化利用是一个系统的作业,必须贯彻始终才能有效的变废为宝,中间出现任何一个环节的失误,都将无法实现资源的有效利用。本作者通过走访养殖场进行现场调研,现对我县部分养殖场粪污资源化利用存在的问题做一阐述和分析,为我县环境污染治理提供参考。     

岳阳市畜禽养殖粪污排放现状的调查及对策

近年来,随着畜禽养殖业的不断发展,养殖过程中的粪污排放造成污染的问题越来越引起人们的重视,笔者通过分析岳阳市畜禽养殖粪污排放现状和养殖业污染治理存在的主要问题,提出了解决当前困境的应对举措,可为畜禽养殖粪污排放污染问题的解决提供相应的参考。     

寒区畜禽养殖场粪污的贮存技术

粪污贮存是治理畜禽养殖场污染的重要环节,是粪污资源化利用的保障,是规范养殖者生产行为和提高环保意识的关键。本文结合寒区特点,从粪污贮存的目的、贮存设施的建设、贮存操作与日常管理等方面,阐述寒区畜禽养殖场粪污的贮存技术,为防治污染、克服粪污季节性困扰提供切实可行的方法。     

山东省滕州市畜禽粪污资源化利用问题与对策

山东省滕州市畜禽养殖业的快速发展为群众的餐桌提供了日益丰盛的肉类产品,然而由于个别养殖场对畜禽粪污污染的认识不足,不可避免地产生了畜禽粪污污染问题,破坏了周围的环境。为了大力推进滕州市畜禽粪污资源化利用,本文介绍了滕州市畜禽粪污未充分利用的原因:养殖场负责人认识不到位、土地承载力不匹配,粪污配建设施配套不足,源头减量未能得到很好的控制;总结了滕州市处理畜禽粪污的对策:坚持"源头减量、过程控制",用堆积发酵处理畜禽粪污,配建畜禽粪污处理设施,采用干湿分离技术处理畜禽粪污,委托第三方处理畜禽粪污。     

甘肃武威市生态养猪模式探讨

本文分析了甘肃省武威市规模化生猪养殖的污染现状和粪污所含的养分含量,为了治理规模化猪场废弃物对周边环境的污染,实施了“粪污-沼液-牧草-养猪”的生态模式研究.结果表明,规模化猪场采用“粪污-沼液-牧草-养猪”生态模式,完全可以消纳规模化猪场产生的粪污,同时能改良土壤.     

猪场粪污处理及综合利用技术

近年来,随着规模化猪场的快速发展,猪场粪污对环境的污染日益严重。本文就猪场粪污的清除方法、粪污的危害、粪污的综合利用等作了详细介绍,以供参考。     

规模化猪场异位发酵床粪污处理技术的运用

随着养殖业的发展,生猪的养殖模式也从传统养殖模式向规模化集约化养殖模式转变,使得生猪养殖业上的粪污给环境造成的污染问题日益凸显,同时养殖场粪污处理不当也会给猪群带来疫病感染的风险,造成养殖场的经济损失。因此,要加快治理生猪养殖过程中粪污污染带来的问题,就需要抓好畜禽粪污资源化利用,治理粪污工作可以有效地保障猪肉产品供给及周围环境卫生,对生猪绿色可持续养殖模式的发展尤为关键。对此,要实施畜禽粪污资源化利用行动、优化生猪养殖区域布局、加快生猪养殖绿色生态转型升级、因地制宜地推广粪污资源化利用,其中异位发酵床粪污治理技术的运用能有效地解决生猪养殖场粪污问题,进一步减少了粪污对环境的污染,同时还将粪污处理后重新利用,在有效解决粪污资源化利用方面发挥作用,同时为畜牧业绿色可持续发展奠定了基础。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Salmonellae and Campylobacters in Household and Stray Dogs in Northern Taiwan

Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline (78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%), chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%).