模拟鸟巢式运动场的热集聚效应及其对草坪生长的影响

通过模拟北京奥运国家体育场的鸟巢式框架结构,并对体育场的热集聚效应及其对场内运动草坪生长所造成的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明:鸟巢式体育场有明显的热集聚效应,在外部气温28℃以下时,场内的热集聚效应相对较小,温度增加幅度为4~5℃;但当外部气温高于35℃时,场内的热集聚效应十分明显,场内温度要比外部高出12~15℃,可达到了45~50℃的极端高温。这种热集聚效应所产生的极端高温严重影响了场内草坪的生长,草坪质量在夏季高温第一次来临时(7月4日)即出现明显的下降,比露地对照草坪的质量下降提早了18d,草坪密度的下降则表现得更为强烈,比露地对照要提早24d,草坪的生长量对热胁迫有一个增长式的响应过程,露地对照草坪的热响应时间有30d,而鸟巢式结构所产生的热集聚效应将草坪生长的热响应时间缩短到了6d,之后其生长出现迅速下降,热集聚效应也加速了草坪叶片中叶绿素含量的下降幅度,其叶绿素含量在整个夏天的处理过程中都要显著低于露地对照,直至8月9日草坪完全死亡。而露地对照草坪虽然在夏天有一个极明显的质量下降过程,但随着秋天凉爽气候的到来,草坪能够逐渐恢复。     

施磷对越冬期高羊茅生长、养分吸收及抗寒性的影响

为给华中地区冷季型草坪草养分护理提供依据,在武汉布置试验研究磷肥对冷季型草坪草高羊茅(Festuca arundinaces Schreb.)越冬期生长、养分吸收和抗寒性的影响。结果表明:在氮钾肥基础上增施磷肥(P₂O₅5~25 g/m²)显著促进草坪草生长和品质改善,与对照相比,各施磷处理越冬期分蘖数、株高、叶面积、地上部生物量、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)均有显著地提高;显著提高草坪草地上部氮、磷、钾含量,促进养分吸收;叶片脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)含量随磷肥施用而显著下降,明显降低低温对高羊茅的伤害程度;磷肥的适宜用量范围为10~15 g/m²,过低或过高用量磷肥均会对草坪草生长、质量及抗寒性产生不良影响。     

5种冷季型草坪草的耐热性研究

通过生化培养箱模拟北京地区的高温高湿环境,对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、匍匐剪股颖（Agrostis stolonifera）、草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）和粗茎早熟禾(P.trivialis)这5种冷季型草坪草在热胁迫过程中的外观质量指标每株绿叶数、生长高度和生理生化指标叶片相对含水量、叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性进行分析。结果表明,在昼夜35 ℃/30 ℃的高温下,随着胁迫时间的延长,5种草坪草叶片相对含水量下降,叶片相对电导率上升。叶片叶绿素含量在高温环境中变化趋势不一致,高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾的叶绿素含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,而匍匐剪股颖和粗茎早熟禾则呈现出持续下降的趋势。随着高温胁迫时间的延长,5种草坪草的SOD、POD活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。CAT活性下降,且随着时间的延长,POD和CAT活性下降的幅度增大。在高温胁迫过程中,5种草坪草每株绿叶数和植株生长高度降低。 通过聚类分析可将5种草坪草大致聚为3个耐热级别：1级（相对耐热）高羊茅;2级（中等耐热）草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、匍匐剪股颖;3级（相对敏感）粗茎早熟禾。     

高温季节不同光照强度对冷季型草坪草坪用性状的影响

在夏季炎热高湿的南京地区,研究自然光照、轻度遮荫、中度遮荫和重度遮荫4种光照强度对高羊茅、草地早熟禾和匍茎翦股颖生长特性和生理指标的影响。结果表明,高羊茅和草地早熟禾叶片宽度随遮荫的加剧均变窄,且中度遮荫与自然光照存在显著差异,而匍茎翦股颖在7和8月,中度遮荫处理的叶片宽度明显比自然光照和轻度遮荫处理的宽。不同光照强度对3种草坪草的生长速率产生不同影响,在5-7月随遮荫的加剧,3种草坪草的生长速率均有明显增加。3种草坪草的叶绿素和蛋白质含量随光照不同发生变化,在7月,3种草坪草中度遮荫处理的叶绿素含量明显高于自然光照处理,在6和9月,3种草坪草中度遮荫处理的蛋白质含量比自然光照处理的明显降低。光照强度对3种草坪草的超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量产生影响。     

假俭草和海滨雀稗对土壤铅污染胁迫的生理反应

通过盆栽试验研究了假俭草Eremochloa ophiuroides和海滨雀稗Paspalum vaginatum2种草坪植物在3 000和6 000 mg/kg铅浓度胁迫下的生理变化。结果表明,2种草坪植物在不同铅浓度胁迫下呈现明显的差异。在3 000 mg/kg铅浓度胁迫下,假俭草的叶片叶绿素含量、光化学效率和渗透势均未出现显著(P0.05)变化;处理后12 d叶片电导率显著上升,24 d叶片相对含水量显著下降;目测质量虽然在4 d时即开始显著下降,但在整个试验期间仍维持在可接受草坪质量(6.0)之上。在6 000 mg/kg铅浓度胁迫下,假俭草的所有生理指标在4 d即出现显著变化,12 d植物完全枯死。在3 000 mg/kg铅浓度胁迫下,海滨雀稗的叶片光化学效率、渗透势、叶绿素含量不仅没有下降,反而分别于12、16和24 d显著高于对照;电导率和草坪目测质量则与对照无显著差异(P0.05);叶片相对含水量虽然在12 d时出现显著下降,但在24 d时又恢复到了对照水平。在6 000 mg/kg铅浓度胁迫下,海滨雀稗的叶绿素含量未出现显著下降;叶片电导率在4 d即开始显著上升,渗透势、相对含水量和光化学效率在4 d显著下降,但分别于12、16、20和24 d恢复到对照水平;草坪目测质量虽然低于对照,但仍维持在可接受草坪质量之上。上述结果说明海滨雀稗在6 000 mg/kg浓度的土壤铅污染下仍能修复铅污染带来的伤害,其耐铅性要显著高于假俭草。     

3种冷季型草坪草对持续干旱、高温及其互作的生理生态响应

对3种冷季型草坪草黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）、高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea L.）和早熟禾（Poa pratensis L.）进行持续干旱、高温及其互作处理,通过测定生理生态指标,揭示3种冷季型草坪草对持续干旱高温环境的生理响应机制。结果表明,处理28 d时,各处理下3种草坪草的草坪外观质量TQ和叶片萎蔫系数LWS均显著降低,干旱和高温互作对TQ的影响具有叠加效应,干旱胁迫对LWS起到关键作用。28 d时,各处理下黑麦草和早熟禾叶片相对含水量均低于50%,比胁迫第21 d分别下降了36.2%和46.9%,说明逆境胁迫明显导致草坪草叶片水分亏缺,而高羊茅叶片持水能力强于黑麦草和早熟禾,早熟禾叶片脱水速度最快。各处理下草坪草根系生物量的下降幅度高于地上部分,逆境对根系生长的影响比地上部分更敏感。3种草坪草的光合速率在逆境下显著降低,相反地叶片暗呼吸速率显著增加,两者互作下的降低或增加幅度高于单一胁迫下。各处理下早熟禾的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的变化幅度均高于黑麦草和高羊茅,且对干旱高温互作胁迫表现的更为敏感。通过隶属函数综合分析方法对试验测定的9个生理指标进行综合评价,3种冷季型草坪草抗干旱高温能力由强到弱依次为：高羊茅>黑麦草>早熟禾。     

3种冷季型草坪草对短期盐胁迫的生长响应

采用盐水灌溉的方法,比较了3种冷季型草坪草黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和早熟禾(Poa pratensis),在短期不同盐胁迫条件下(NaCl质量分数分别为0%,0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1%)生长特性。结果表明:3种草坪草的外观质量和叶片萎蔫系数总体上变化一致,随着盐浓度的不断增加而降低,生长受到严重抑制。黑麦草、高羊茅和早熟禾的叶片相对含水量比对照分别下降了12%,9%和4%,早熟禾的下降幅度最低。盐胁迫对根系生物量的影响大于对地上部分。绿叶盖度与植物生物量呈显著的正相关,早熟禾具有较高的抗盐性。3种草坪草在盐浓度为1.0%下叶片脯氨酸和电导率含量均达到最大值,早熟禾叶片电导率最高。叶片和根系K~+含量随着盐浓度的提高而逐渐降低,Na~+含量逐渐升高。根据短期盐胁迫各生长指标的结果,3种草坪草的抗盐能力依次为早熟禾高羊茅黑麦草。     

烯效唑浸种、淋土和喷叶对高羊茅生长的影响

研究结果表明:烯效唑浸种处理对高羊茅的分蘖数影响不显著,但具有降低草坪生长速度和促进叶片增宽的作用,且随着烯效唑浓度增大作用增强,同时其幼苗见绿期比对照晚7～11d;用烯效唑淋土具有降低高羊茅分蘖数和草坪生长速度、促进叶片增宽的作用,而且幼苗见绿期比对照晚9～10d;烯效唑喷叶处理后,高羊茅的生长速度显著低于对照.     

高温胁迫下水肥耦合对高羊茅生态性状的影响

采用盆栽方式,在控水、控肥条件下,设计了低、中、高3个水分水平和3个养分水平,研究了在高温(38/30 ℃,昼/夜)胁迫条件下,不同水肥耦合方式对高羊茅品种凌志Festuca arundinecea cv. Barlexas生态性状的影响。结果表明：水分和养分及其耦合效应对高羊茅草坪草的生态性状有显著的影响,水肥耦合的施肥灌溉方式明显好于单纯的水分灌溉;最佳的水肥耦合方式是中水中肥（f2w2）,能最大限度地改善高羊茅草坪草的生态性状,延长高羊茅草坪草在高温胁迫下的绿期,而水分不足或淹灌以及养分不足或过多都不利于高羊茅的生长;在高温胁迫下,水分比肥料对高羊茅的作用更大。     

高温胁迫下冷季型草坪草的耐热性评价

对5个典型冷季型草坪草品种在海南进行耐热性试验.在大田高温胁迫环境下,草坪草热害症状最初表现为叶片发生萎蔫,生长率减缓或停滞,但其是否受害却最先反映在叶片灼伤率上,受害最终表现为草坪盖度和根系生长量的下降.叶片灼伤率是判断草坪草早期是否受到热伤害最敏感的指标.耐热性评价结果:Pacer高羊茅Festuc atundincea cv.Pacer＞Houndog高羊茅F.arundinacea cv.Houndog＞Merit草地早熟禾Poa pratensis cv.Merit＞Derby黑麦草Lolium pernne cv.Derby＞Cobra匍匐翦股颖Agrostis palustris cv.Cobra.28～36 ℃可认为是冷季型草坪草的临界受害温度区间,28～32 ℃为初始受害温度区间,32～36 ℃为致死温度区间.     

Influence of toxic endophyte-infected fescue on sperm characteristics and endocrine factors of yearling Brahman-influenced bulls

Sixteen (mean age = 1.1 +/- 0.1 yr; mean BW = 478 +/- 34 kg) Brahman-influenced bulls were used to determine the influence of fescue type on sperm characteristics and serum concentrations of prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone. Bulls were blocked by BW, scrotal circumference (SC), and pregrazing sperm characteristics and randomly assigned to graze toxic endophyte-infected (EI; 4 bulls/pasture; 2 pastures) or novel endophyte-infected (NE; 4 bulls/pasture; 2 pastures) tall fescue for 121 d. Semen was collected by electroejaculation, and SC was measured and blood samples collected monthly. Sperm were evaluated for motility and morphology with an integrated visual optical system. Overall mean concentration of prolactin was decreased more (P < 0.01) in EI bulls than NE bulls from May to August. Scrotal circumference was not affected by fescue type (P = 0.58); overall SC averaged 36.7 +/- 2.3 cm. Percentage of live sperm was not different (P = 0.24) between NE bulls (80%) than EI bulls (67%) in July and August. Bulls grazing NE fescue had more (P < 0.06) motile sperm than EI bulls in July and August. Percentages of progressive (57 vs. 38%, NE and EI, respectively; P < 0.06) and rapid (67 vs. 46%, NE and EI, respectively; P = 0.04) sperm were greater from bulls grazing NE than EI bulls in July and August. Average velocity of the smoothed sperm path and progressive velocity in a straight line from the beginning to the end of the sperm track were slower (P < 0.09) in EI bulls than NE bulls and were slower (P = 0.04) in August compared with July. Mean width of head oscillation as the sperm swims was less (P < 0.06) in August than July. Concentrations of cortisol and testosterone were not (P > 0.10) influenced by fescue type. Semen from bulls grazing EI had reduced motility and morphology than bulls grazing NE. Detrimental effects of toxic fescue may not be mediated by cortisol, testosterone, or both. Semen quality of bulls grazing toxic EI tall fescue was decreased with increased maximum ambient temperatures.     

Tasco-Forage: I. Influence of a seaweed extract on antioxidant activity in tall fescue and in ruminants

Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) is a known source of plant growth regulators, and application to turfgrasses has increased activity of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and specific vitamin precursors. Increased antioxidant activity in both plants and animals diminishes oxidative stress. Two pasture experiments investigated effects of Tasco-Forage (a proprietary seaweed-based product) applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) on antioxidant activity in plants and in ruminants that grazed the forage. In Exp. 1, fescue was 70 to 100% infected with the endophyte fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum ([Morgan-Jones and Gams] Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin). Twenty-four wether lambs (initial BW 41 kg; SD = 5) grazed fescue treated with 0, 1.7, or 3.4 kg Tasco/ha applied in April and July, 1994, with four replications per treatment. Grazing occurred for 26 d beginning April 21 and for 22 d beginning July 19. In July, there was a linear increase in daily gains (P < 0.05), and serum vitamin A (P < 0.13) and whole-blood Se (P < 0.10) tended to increase in lambs grazing Tasco-treated fescue. In Exp. 2,48 Angus and Angus x Hereford steers (initial BW 245 kg; SD = 20) grazed infected or uninfected tall fescue in Virginia that was treated (3.4 kg/ ha) or untreated with Tasco in April and July, 1995. Steers that grazed infected tall fescue had lower (P < 0.02) serum vitamin A and E and tended (P < 0.07) to have lower whole-blood Se in September compared with steers that grazed uninfected tall fescue. Tasco decreased (P < 0.06) serum vitamin E but tended to increase whole-blood Se (P < 0.10) in September and serum vitamin A in July (P < 0.12). During 1996 and 1997, the experiment was repeated in Virginia with Angus steers and was replicated at Prairie, MS, where 1/4 Brahman x 3/4 Angus steers were used. Forty-eight steers were included at each location in each year (n = 192 total steers for 1996 and 1997). Steers that grazed infected tall fescue in Mississippi had lower (P < 0.05) serum vitamin E by the end of the grazing season. At both locations Tasco increased (P < 0.05) activity of superoxide dismutase in both infected and uninfected fescue. The endophyte in tall fescue seemed to decrease antioxidant activity in grazing steers, whereas Tasco seemed to increase antioxidant activity in both the forage and the grazing ruminant. Tasco may provide opportunities to reduce oxidative stress in plants and animals.     

Mefluidide treatment of tall fescue pastures: forage quality

Spring application of a plant growth regulator, mefluidide, to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pastures grazed from May to September reduced (P less than .05) available DM and digestible OM per hectare by 51 and 41%, respectively, compared to untreated pastures. However, seasonal averages for N, Ca and P content and in vitro OM disappearance (OMD) were greater (P less than .05) and NDF was lower (P less than .05) in tall fescue from mefluidide-treated pastures than in untreated pastures. Compared to hand-clipped samples, esophageal extrusa of tall fescue was 63% higher (P less than .05) in N (2.7 vs 1.7%) and 26% lower (P less than .05) in NDF (52.6 vs 69.9%) than hand-clipped tall fescue samples, regardless of treatment. Extrusa and hand-clipped herbage samples were similar (P greater than .10) in OMD during May and September, but OMD of extrusa was greater (P less than .05) during June, July and August compared to clipped samples. As a consequence of preventing stem elongation and seedhead formation earlier in the growing season, mefluidide treatment of tall fescue maintained forage quality at a higher level during midsummer.     

Influence of endophyte consumption and heat stress on intravaginal temperatures, plasma lipid oxidation, blood selenium, and glutathione redox of mononuclear cells in heifers grazing tall fescue

A grazing experiment was conducted to assess the effects of wild-type endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue consumption and elevated ambient temperatures on intravaginal temperatures, plasma lipid peroxidation, and glutathione redox of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Angus heifers (n = 34) were allotted by BW to 4 blocks consisting of E+ and endophyte-free (E-) fescue pastures. Monthly, in June, July, and August, temperature loggers were fixed into blank controlled internal drug releasers and inserted into a subsample of heifers (n = 16) for 2 d. After 48 h, heifers were weighed, and blood (30 mL) was collected via jugular venipuncture. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated for analysis of glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione reductase activity, and reduced:oxidized glutathione. Plasma malondialdehyde was evaluated as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and whole blood Se concentration was determined. Serum prolactin was assayed after the grazing period. Heifer ADG was greatest in August and least in July (P < 0.001). In August, heifers grazing E+ fescue exhibited greater (P < 0.05) afternoon intravaginal temperatures and temperature fluctuations than heifers grazing E- fescue. In July and August, all heifers had greater afternoon temperatures (P < 0.02) and less reduced:oxidized glutathione (P < 0.0001) than in June. Glutathione reductase activity of all heifers was greater in June (P = 0.03) than in July. Similarly, all heifers exhibited decreased glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.0008) in July, whereas whole blood Se was reduced (P < 0.0001) in July and August. No treatment or date effects were detected for malondialdehyde, but serum prolactin was reduced at the end of the grazing period (P = 0.008) in heifers stocked on E+ fescue. Using these markers, differences in oxidative stress were not detected between heifers consuming E+ fescue and those consuming E- fescue. Date effects indicating altered glutathione redox and enzyme activity may have been related to heat stress and nutritional limitations.     

高浓度CO2对热胁迫条件下高羊茅生长和抗氧化系统的影响

大气CO₂浓度及温度逐年上升是当前全球范围内主要的两大气候特征,但不断升高的大气CO₂浓度可以缓解高温对植物生长发育带来的负面影响。为了探究高浓度CO₂在多年生禾草生长和抗氧化系统方面对热胁迫的响应,本试验以高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea cv. ‘Barlexas’)为材料,进行CO₂[当前浓度(400 μmol/mol)和高浓度(800 μmol/mol)]和温度[(最适生长温度(25/20 ℃)和热胁迫温度(35/30 ℃)]处理。结果表明,高温导致高羊茅的生长速率(G_r)、净光合速率(P_n)、光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、绿叶数、活性氧清除物质[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)]活性等显著下降,叶片黄绿比、电解质渗漏率(EL)、丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧[过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)]显著上升;热胁迫处理28 d时,高浓度CO₂较正常CO₂浓度使细胞膜稳定性增强(EL、MDA分别降低72%和39%),光合能力提高(P_n、F_v/F_m、绿叶数分别升高174%、17%和165%),活性氧积累减少(H₂O₂、O₂^-·含量分别下降46%和31%)。以上结果说明:高浓度CO₂通过提高高羊茅在热胁迫下的光合能力,维持细胞膜的稳定以及减少体内活性氧的积累减弱了热胁迫对植株的伤害,从而提高了高羊茅的抗热性。     

外源一氧化氮及不同修剪高度对高羊茅根形态特征的影响

修剪是草坪管理中的重要措施之一,他可以提高草坪的外观质量。本试验以草坪草高羊茅‘Arid3’(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)为试验材料,通过外施一氧化氮(NO)的方法,利用根系扫描仪测量了不同修剪高度(7,5,3,1和0cm)下高羊茅根系形态指标。结果表明:不同修剪高度下高羊茅总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径、根尖数、根分枝数和根交叉数与未修剪的根系指标的差异达到显著水平(P0.05),随着修剪高度的降低,总根长,根表面积、根体积和根平均直径呈现先增加后减少趋势,而根的交叉数、根分枝数和根尖数呈现下降趋势。然而,外施NO对不同修剪高度下的高羊茅根系生长有显著促进作用,修剪高度越高,效果越好,反之越差。综上所述,外源NO对不同修剪处理下高羊茅的根系生长具有一定调节作用,这种作用随修剪高度降低而减弱。     

低温胁迫对高羊茅生长影响的研究

以高羊茅Festuca arundinacea草坪草为材料,设置3种低温处理:-6、5和0 ℃处理8 h,并以室温为对照,然后测定过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、电解质渗透率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量等生理指标。结果表明,在5 ℃下, CAT的活性在胁迫4 h时活性最大;当温度为0与-6 ℃时,酶的活性随着胁迫时间的延长而急剧下降,温度越低,下降越快。叶绿素含量随着胁迫时间的延长而下降,温度越低下降越快。脯氨酸含量在0与-6 ℃时,随着时间的延长,含量则明显增加。在-6 ℃时, 电解质渗透率明显增大。可溶性糖含量随胁迫时间延长而上升,-6 ℃时,可溶性糖含量明显上升,低温抗寒锻炼能有效增强高羊茅的抗寒性。