黄鳝温和气单胞菌病病原的分离鉴定及免疫应答

从患病黄鳝苗种的肝脏、消化道、血液中分离到2株细菌，经腹腔人工注射及浸浴感染试验均出现与自然病例相似的症状，并从病鳝体内重新分离到生理生化特性与原菌株相同的细菌。经多项形态、生理生化测试，此2株细菌均鉴定为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)。该菌对先锋霉素Ⅵ、复达欣、头孢呋肟、菌必治、氟嗪酸等药物高度敏感，可选用这些药物拌饵投喂黄鳝苗种，来防治黄鳝苗种的温和气单胞菌病。免疫试验表明，黄鳝在免疫后7d可以检测到抗体，滴度为2^5(32)，以后逐渐上升，21d达最大值2^12，随后下降，免疫保护率较对照组有明显提高。     

企鹅源嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定

从上海某水族馆因血痢、厌食、消瘦而死亡的秘鲁帝企鹅的心脏、肝脏中分离到2株细菌SH051237和SH060104,其培养性状及生化特性基本一致,经生化试验、VITEK试验等鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌.动物试验表明,分离株对小鼠均具有较强的致病性,且从死亡鼠回收到相应细菌.结果表明,分离到的菌株为致病性嗜水气单胞菌.     

黄鳝烂尾病病原的研究

从发病黄鳝的病灶部位分离到 HS1 菌株。用 HS1 菌株人工感染体重 2 0～ 30 g的黄鳝 ,感染的黄鳝出现与自然发病黄鳝相似的症状 ,并从感染黄鳝的病灶中分离到与原菌株相同的细菌 ,证实 HS1 菌株是引起黄鳝烂尾病的病原。经细菌的形态、培养及生理生化特性测定 ,HS1 菌株鉴定为产碱假单胞菌 ( Pseudomonasalcaligenes) ,并进行了药敏试验     

“高热病”病猪嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的分离鉴定

从"高热病"猪的鼻液、支气管和肺组织分泌物的11份病料中,按常规方法进行病原菌分离鉴定,经亚胺培南分离筛选到7株疑似细菌.通过生化试验、16 S rDNA基因序列分析等,鉴定出其中2株为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(命名为PSM-1、PSM-2).与GenBank中临床和环境中分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分离株相比,两株菌的16 S rDNA基因扩增片段的核苷酸序列同源性均在99%以上.动物试验证实,2株细菌具有一定致病性;药敏试验表明,分离菌株对大多数抗生素具有较强耐药性且呈现多重耐药性.     

斑点叉尾鮰暴发性死亡征病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为查明广西田东县平马镇小龙村某养殖户网箱养殖的斑点叉尾鮰暴发性死亡征的病原菌及其耐药性。以常规方法分离细菌,人工感染确定病原菌,API全自动细菌鉴定仪对细菌进行生化鉴定,药敏试验为K-B纸片扩散法。结果,从患暴发性死亡征的斑点叉尾鮰中分离到2株病原菌,对斑点叉尾鮰的致死率为100%,API生化鉴定结果,2株病原菌均为温和气单胞菌。药敏试验结果,2株病原菌对24种试验药物中均高度敏感的有复达欣、多粘菌素B等10种,都不敏感的药物有青霉素G和氨苄青霉素2种。     

罗非鱼烂尾病病原菌的分离、鉴定及药敏试验

用常规方法对博白县网箱养殖罗非鱼烂尾病的病原菌进行分离,以API 20NE对分离菌株进行生化鉴定、动物人工感染试验确定病原菌,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果,从患烂尾病罗非鱼的肝脏和腹水中分离到2株革兰氏阴性短杆菌,人工感染试验证实为致病菌;API 20NE生化鉴定结果,2株致病菌均为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。对先锋噻肟、复达欣、氟苯尼考等14种药物极度敏感,对青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、苯唑青霉素等13种药物不敏感。对该病的防治,建议选用先锋噻肟、复达欣、氟苯尼考等药物。     

美洲红点鲑嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为预防和治疗在美洲红点鲑中暴发嗜水气单胞菌病提供实验依据。从患病美洲红点鲑的鳃及肠等病灶部位分离到一株细菌,经回归试验均出现与自然病例相似的症状,并分离到革兰染色和生理生化特性结果与原菌株相同的细菌。结果表明,该菌为短杆状,两端钝圆的革兰阴性菌,与D-葡糖酸、丙二酸和葡萄糖等反应呈阳性,而与黏菌素、七叶苷和L-阿拉伯糖等反应呈阴性,结合16S rRNA基因序列分析结果,该菌与嗜水气单胞菌的亲缘关系最近,鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。对其进行药敏试验,结果对氨苄西林、环丙沙星和头孢唑啉等药物表现出耐药,对阿米卡星和亚胺培南等药物敏感。本试验首次从美洲红点鲑中分离出嗜水气单胞菌,并得到16种高度敏感的药物,同时阐明了嗜水气单胞菌在美洲红点鲑中的发病症状。     

罗非鱼套肠病病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从疑似套肠病的罗非鱼进行细菌分离,人工感染试验确定病原菌后进行药物敏感性试验。结果,从患套肠罗非鱼的肝脏和心脏共分离到2株病原菌LZLF01和LZLF02,API 20NE鉴定结果,2株病原菌均为嗜水气单胞菌。该病原菌对复达欣、先锋霉素VI、菌必治等21种抗生素敏感,对苯唑青霉素和青霉素G耐药。     

人工养殖黄沙鳖红底板病病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从患红底板病黄沙鳖的肝脏、心脏、腹水和咽喉处各分离到一株细菌(GG0903A、GG0903B、GG0906C和GG0906D),人工感染黄沙鳖证实为该病的病原菌。对该菌的形态特征、生理生化进行分析和API20NE鉴定,确定为嗜水气单胞菌。药敏试验结果显示,4株细菌对头孢呋肟、先锋噻肟、菌必治、舒普深、多粘菌素B和头孢西丁6种药物敏感,可作为对该病防治的药物。     

安徽省部分地区鸭疫里氏杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

2007年3月～12月从安徽省不同地区临床疑似鸭疫里氏杆菌感染病/死鸭中分离到26株鸭疫里氏杆菌,通过细菌形态、PCR鉴定、培养特性、生化试验和动物试验,鉴定为鸭疫里氏杆菌.各地区分离株表现为较一致的形态特征和相似的生理生化特性.对不同地区分离到的26株鸭疫里氏杆菌进行了14种常用抗菌药物的药敏试验,结果26株鸭疫里氏杆菌分离株对青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、先锋噻肟、阿莫西林和罗红霉素等几种药物敏感性较高,对庆大霉素和卡那霉素的耐受率最高,对阿米卡星、复方新诺明、链霉素和新霉素等均不同程度地产生了耐药性.本研究为安徽省鸭疫里氏杆菌病的药物防治提供了理论依据.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.