封闭式断奶仔猪舍空气环境状况评价

在系统观测封闭式断奶仔猪舍春、夏、冬季舍内空气温热及卫生状况的基础上,对其空气环境状况进行了评价.观测结果该猪舍各观测期内的舍内温度、相对湿度均高于舍外的相应指标,尤其是冬季舍内平均温度可达到14.8℃,比舍外高出24.6℃,最低温度比舍外高出28.6℃,明显地改善了畜舍的温热状况.而且畜舍光照合理,有害气体浓度较低.是一种较好的畜舍形式.     

灵武农场万头猪场封闭式肥猪舍的温热环境状况及对生产性能的影响

本文在对封闭式猪舍不同季节的温度、湿度、气流等温热状况及光照进行观测的基础上,结合肥育猪的生产性能和发病及死亡状况,对该猪舍的温热环境、保温隔热性能进行了评价。结果表明,该猪舍各季节温度（包括平均温度、最高温度、最低温度）和相对湿度均高于舍外。尤其是冬季舍内平均温度和最低温度分别比舍外高２０．４℃和２４．８℃。在冬季比较明显地改善了畜舍的温度环境。是一种较好的猪舍形式。存在的问题主要是冬季相对湿度过高、夏季舍内温度过高、通风不足,致使冬、夏季水平较低且发病率较高,需从畜舍的保温隔热设计和管理方面改进。     

灵武农场万头猪场封闭式肥猪舍的温热环境状况及对生产性能的影响

本文在对封闭式猪舍不同季节的温度、湿度、气流等温热状况及光照进行观测的基础上,结合肥育猪的生产性能和发病及死亡状况,对该猪舍的温热环境、保温隔热性能进行了评价.结果表明,该猪舍各季节温度(包括平均温度、最高温度、最低温度)和相对湿度均高于舍外.尤其是冬季舍内平均温度和最低温度分别比舍外高20.4℃和24.8℃.在冬季比较明显地改善了畜舍的温度环境.是一种较好的猪舍形式.存在的问题主要是冬季相对湿度过高、夏季舍内温度过高、通风不足,致使冬、夏季生产水平较低且发病率较高,需从畜舍的保温隔热设计和管理方面改进.     

养猪场冬季的饲养管理措施

1猪舍保温防寒 加强猪舍外围护结构的保温性能，是提高猪舍保温性能的根本措施。开放式、半开放式猪舍的温度状况受外界气温影响大，冬季一般稍高于舍外。密闭式猪舍冬季的温度状况，在舍内热量来源一定的情况下，取决于空气对流和通过围护结构散失热量的多少。失热越多，达到热平衡时舍内的温度越低，     

冬季养猪场的防寒管理

猪舍靠外围护结构不同程度地与外界隔绝,形成不同于舍外的舍内小气候,使猪群免受酷暑严寒和风吹日晒的影响.外围护结构设计是否合理,决定了猪舍的小气候状况. 1 猪舍的保温防寒 1.1加强猪舍外围护结构的保温性能 是提高猪舍保温性能的根本措施.开放式、半开放式猪舍的温度状况受外界气温影响大,冬季一般稍高于舍外.密闭式猪舍冬季的温度状况,在舍内热量来源一定的情况下,取决于空气对流和通过围护结构散失热量的多少.失热越多,达到热平衡时舍内的温度越低,设计时可根据热工计算选择材料,以避免冬季猪舍内表面结露滴水和防止冷应激.根据猪舍的特点,猪舍外围护结构的保温性能,应在保证冬季舍内温、湿度状况下,墙和屋项(吊顶)内表面不结露.     

东北地区越冬猪舍类型的探讨

本试验结合生产实际,通过研究四种不同防寒类型猪舍内环境变化及生长肥育猪饲养效果,来探讨我国北方寒冷地区猪舍的适宜形式,以期为猪舍的改进提供理论依据。试验结果证明:高热阻双重气候舍内环境适宜,冬季养猪较为理想;运动场上加塑料大棚能缓冲寒冷空气对舍内的侵袭,使舍内环境保持相对稳定状况,提高舍温4.6℃;畜舍结构隔热处理,提高舍温7.1℃。     

负压通风模式下猪舍空气过滤相关研究

猪舍通风对调控舍内温湿度、改善舍内空气质量及保证猪只健康水平起到了非常重要的作用。由于我国猪场大部分处于温带、亚热带气候类型区域，夏季普遍较为炎热，“风机+湿帘”降温的机械负压通风模式在我国规模化猪场得以普遍采用。负压通风的前提条件是猪舍具备相对密闭的空间，负压风机强行将舍内的空气排出，在猪舍内形成负压环境，舍外空气经通风口由舍外自然进入舍内。     

猪舍冬季热交换通风工艺的探讨

猪舍冬季通风和供暖一直是矛盾的存在,热回收系统应运而生,可大大减少猪舍冬季采暖成本。介绍了舍内地沟风道式热回收系统、舍内风管式热交换腔热回收系统、舍外箱式热回收系统、舍外埋地式热回收系统等4种热交换系统各自的特点、结构,也指出热交换系统并不能代替供暖设备。     

妊娠猪舍全年热环境变化规律及其对繁殖性能的影响

减少环境温度对母猪繁殖性能的影响,以北京市某猪场妊娠母猪舍为试验猪舍,通过监测试验猪舍全年舍内、外热环境指标并记录妊娠猪舍母猪3年返情率,研究妊娠猪舍全年热环境变化规律,并统计分析母猪返情率与月份、季度的关系。结果表明,夏季试验期间妊娠猪舍舍内、外温度偏高。夏季舍内温度为34.6℃时舍外温度为35.2℃。舍内日平均温湿指数THI大于舍外,舍内、外日平均温湿指数THI均多数时间处于危险级79≤THI≤83,部分时段进入紧急状态(THI≥84)。冬季试验期间舍内温度偏低,春季舍内温度较为适宜。妊娠猪舍母猪返情率存在季节性变化规律,第3季度返情率极显著(P<0.01)高于其他季度,第3季度母猪返情率较高与北京市6—8月的高温有关,高温对母猪返情的影响存在延迟现象。     

庄氏养猪法之一猪舍节能保温

猪的一生绝大部分时间是在猪合里生活，猪舍建筑合理与否，对猪的健康、生产性能及饲养管理有密切关系。设计合理的猪舍应当是冬暖夏凉、通风、采光良好、舍内空气新鲜、无贼风，否则冬冷、夏热、舍内通风采光不好，空气污浊，阴冷潮湿，对仔猪成活肥猪快长大为不利。黑龙江省气候寒冷、持续期长达半年之久，解决冬季猪舍阴冷潮湿是提高养猪效益的重中之重。作者通过四十年的养猪生产实践，设计了节能瓦砖保温猪舍、土坯草盖保温猪舍及塑料大棚保温猪舍。这些猪舍冬季舍内不取暖皆可达到15℃～20℃，除保证猪只正常生长发育外，还节省了大量能源(燃料)。……     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.