环境因子对暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO2释放速率的影响

暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO₂释放的日变化与气温及地表温度的日变化过程同步,只是气温日变化峰值推迟了2h。地表温度与土壤CO₂释放速率呈极显著正相关。暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO₂释入的季节动态受土壤温度(0～30cm,特别是10cm)、真菌菌丝生物量(0～20cm)、土壤有机碳现存量(0～20cm)和生物量的影响。它们均与土壤CO₂的释放速率呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。过度放牧使土壤容重增大,孔隙度和土壤有机碳贮量减小,从而降低土壤CO₂释放速率,方差分析结果表明,差异显著。而土壤湿度及降雨对土壤CO₂释放速率影响较小。     

高寒灌丛草甸生态系统CO2释放的初步研究

以金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草甸生态系统为对象,应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒灌丛(GG)、丛内草甸(GC)和裸地(GL)的CO₂释放进行了初步研究。结果表明:GG、GC和GLCO₂的释放速率均呈明显的单峰型日变化进程,最大释放速率出现在15:00～17:00之间,最小值在7:00前后出现,白天释放速率大于夜晚;CO₂释放速率具有明显的季节性变化特征,生长期CO₂释放速率明显高于枯黄期,且均表现为正排放,8月为CO₂释放高峰期,释放速率GG>GC>GL(P<0.01);2003年6月30日至2004年2月28日,高寒灌丛植被-土壤系统CO₂释放量为3088.458±287.02g/m²,丛内草甸植被-土壤系统CO₂释放量为2239.685±183.68g/m²,其中基础土壤呼吸CO₂的释放量约为1346.748±176.24g/m²,分别占GG和GC释放量的43.61%和60.13%;CO₂释放速率的日变化主要受地表和5cm地温制约,而季节动态与5cm地温呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。     

东北松嫩草原碱茅群落的土壤呼吸同枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量研究

应用静态气室法测定了碱茅群落的土壤呼吸和枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量的季节动态,结果表明:①土壤呼吸的季节动态呈现单峰曲线,7月中旬达最大值11.4 gC/(m2@d);②土壤呼吸的季节变化与地上绿色体生物量季节动态同步;③土壤呼吸的季节动态同枯枝落叶分解速率的季节动态同步;④土壤呼吸量与0～10 cm的土壤层中的含水量显著正相关;⑤地表枯枝落叶层分解直接排放CO2量的季节动态呈现单峰曲线,7月中旬达最大值2.93 gC/(m2@d),有减缓土壤向大气排放CO2的作用;⑥枯枝落叶分解释放CO2量同现存地表枯枝落叶量显著正相关.     

京西百花山区六种植物群落凋落物及土壤呼吸特性研究

利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统,对京西百花山区6种植物群落夏季土壤呼吸作用的昼夜变化进行了对比研究.结果表明,6种植物群落土壤呼吸速率日变化成明显的单峰曲线,高峰值一般出现在13∶00～16∶00之间,最低值出现在03∶30～07∶30之间;不同植物群落土壤表层凋落物呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率在6.62%～40.83%之间;土壤CO2日释放量以野艾蒿群落最高,其值为254880μmol·m-2·d-1,刺槐群落最低,其值为190944 μmol·m-2·d-1;凋落物CO2日释放量油松群落最大,达91368μmol·m-2·d-1,对土壤呼吸的贡献率为40.83%,而杂类草群落最低,日释放量只有13608μmol·m-2·d-1,对土壤呼吸的贡献率仅为6.62%.相关分析表明,土壤表层凋落物呼吸速率与凋落物厚度、蓄积量成正相关关系(n=6,P＜0.05),而与凋落物有机质含量无明显的相关性;土壤呼吸速率与环境因子具有显著的相关性,其中与土壤表层(5cm)温度呈极显著正相关关系(n=48,P＜0.001),而与近地面气压和CO2浓度呈负相关关系.     

日粮中添加蜂花粉对蛋鸡提高产蛋率的效果试验

日粮中添加蜂花粉的试验组，与未添加的对照组，两组产蛋率分别为８７－７％ 和８０－２％ ，两组差异显著（Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ；平均蛋重分别为６２－５５±１－２２ｇ 和６２－５４ ±１－３１ｇ ，两组差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０－０５） ；料蛋比分别为２－３５：１ 和２－５１：１，两组差异显著（Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ；试验组比对照组提高经济效益１５－７％ 。     

黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2排放研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2释放特征的研究结果表明：“黑土滩”3种不同处理：“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸（BC）,土壤呼吸（BJ）和土壤微生物呼吸（BL）的CO2释放速率日变化具有相似性,均呈现出明显的单峰型特点,且白天大于夜间;CO2释放速率季节动态变化明显,且3者的变化趋势基本一致;“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸与地表温度及5cm地温呈极显著的正相关性（P〈0．01）;而土壤微生物呼吸与0～10cm土壤水分含量相关显著（P〈0．05）。     

高温季节配种对母猪产仔数的影响

本文研究了高温季节配种对母猪产仔数的影响。结果表明：气温在３１℃－３５．９℃配种，窝均产仔数８．３４头，与１℃－３０．９℃配种的６个气温组相比，分别减少了２．１０、２．０６、１．４８、１．３９、１．０３和０．９０头，差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。气温在３６℃—３７．９℃配种，窝均产仔数６．４６头，与１℃－３５．９℃配种的７个气温组相比，分别减少了３．９８、３．９４、３．３６、３．２７、２．９１、２．７８和１．８８头，差异均极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。母猪配种的适宜气温应在１５℃以下，１５℃以上配种将随着气温的升高而窝均产仔数逐渐减少，超过３５℃配种，窝均产仔数急剧减少。     

青海果洛黄河源区高寒草甸CO2释放速率研究

以青海果洛黄河源区高寒退化草甸生态系统为对象,应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒退化草甸生态系统CO₂释放进行了初步研究。结果表明:所选4种不同退化程度高寒草甸,即未退化草甸(A)、轻度退化草甸(B)、中度退化草甸(C)和重度退化草甸(D),其CO₂释放速率有明显的日变化特征,日最大排放速率在15:00-17:00左右出现,最低值出现于清晨7:00-9:00左右,释放白天大于夜晚;(2)CO₂释放速率具有明显的季节性变化特征,生长期CO₂释放速率明显高于枯黄期,8月为CO₂释放高峰期,1月或2月为CO₂释放低谷期;(3)CO₂释放速率的日变化主要受地表温度和5cm地温制约,季节动态与5cm地温呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),本研究为进一步进行高寒退化草甸生态系统源江效应的准确估测提供科学依据。     

苜蓿光合速率日变化及其与环境因子的关系

利用LI-6400光合仪测定苜蓿叶片净光合速率,研究其日变化及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:苜蓿叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化均呈现"双峰"曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象;净光合速率峰值出现在10:00和13:00,分别为33.55和27.88μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,第1峰值大于第2峰值;蒸腾速率的峰值出现在11:00和14:00,比光合速率滞后1小时;相关分析表明,苜蓿净光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度呈极显著正相关(r=0.8433^**、0.8223^**),与田间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关(r=-0.8125^**);在光照强度、CO₂浓度、气温和空气湿度4个环境因子中,影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子是田间CO₂浓度。     

海北高寒灌丛草甸生态系统CO2释放速率的季节变化规律

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站干柴滩地区以金露梅Potentilla fruticosa灌丛草甸生态系统为研究对象,应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒灌丛(GG)、丛内草甸(GC)和次生裸地(GL)的CO2释放速率进行了长期观测,并对年释放量作了初步估测.结果表明,GG,GC和GL CO2的释放速率在一年内有明显的季节变化.植物生长季CO2释放量明显高于枯黄期,释放速率GG>GC>GL(P＜0.01),且均表现为正排放.不同季节CO2释放存在明显差异,表现为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季.2003年6月30日至2004年6月28日,高寒灌丛植被-土壤系统CO2释放量为4 293.63±955.75 g/m2,丛内草甸植被-土壤系统CO2释放量为3 319.68±806.19 g/m2,裸地CO2的释放量为1 724.14±444.14 g/m2.CO2释放速率的季节变化与土壤5 cm温度呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.01).     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.