Phylogenetic analysis of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 in pigeons in Japan

To understand the epidemiology of Avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (APMV-1) in pigeons in Japan, phylogenetic analysis was comprehensively conducted based on partial fusion protein gene using isolate from the surveillance of this virus with previously known Japanese pigeon strains. This surveillance was conducted using feces obtained from domestic pigeons collected in 40 prefectures throughout Japan from June 2011 to March 2013. From a total of 1,021 samples, a single virus (APMV1/pigeon/Japan/Kanagawa/2013: JP/Kanagawa-pg/2013) was isolated. All Japanese pigeon APMV-1 strains were clustered into a single genetic lineage, which was termed VIb/1 by phylogenetic analysis based on the F gene including the sequence of the cleavage site. These APMV-1 strains were further subdivided into four subgroups identified over 4 separate timeframes: 1984–1995 (group 1), 1995–2000 (group 2), 2001–2007 (group 3) and the novel subgroup isolated in 2013 (group 4). Each subgroup has specific amino acid motifs at a cleavage site of the F protein, namely, ¹¹²GRQKR-F¹¹⁷(except for one strain), ¹¹²RRKKR-F¹¹⁷, ¹¹²RRQKR-F¹¹⁷ and ¹¹²RRQKR-F¹¹⁷, respectively. Our data suggest that Japanese APMV-1 strains from pigeons were diverse and reinforced the possibility that there were multiple introduction routes from foreign countries into Japan.     

鸭源禽副黏病毒1型YH_(99) V株的毒力测定和致病特性分析

从浙江省某麻鸭养殖基地的产蛋下降病鸭生殖器官内分离到1株致产蛋锐减、不致鸭死亡的病毒,经鉴定该病毒属于禽副黏病毒1型,命名为YH99V株。该毒株经动物回归试验能成功诱导鸭发病并回收同样的病毒,通过SPF鸡胚盲传至第9代时致病性突然增强,第11代出现血凝特性,第15代血凝价趋于稳定,鸡胚半数致死量EF15ELD50为10-4.8。MDT、ICPI和IVPI毒力学指标测定以及毒力相关基因序列结构分析表明,分离株的MDT为112h,ICPI为0.225,IVPI为0.41;YH99 V株F0蛋白裂解位点(112～117位)区域氨基酸推导序列为Gly-Arg-Gln-Gly-Arg-Leu,与弱毒株相一致。证明该毒株为新城疫弱毒株。     

Experimental infection of chickens, ducks and quails with the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the H5N1 subtype have spread since 2003 in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and Africa. In Korea, the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks took place in 2003/2004, 2006/2007 and 2008. As the 2006/2007 isolates differ phylogenetically from the 2003/2004 isolates, we assessed the clinical responses of chickens, ducks and quails to intranasal inoculation of the 2006/2007 index case virus, A/chicken/Korea/IS/06. All the chickens and quails died on 3 days and 3-6 days post-inoculation (DPI), respectively, whilst the ducks only showed signs of mild depression. The uninoculated chickens and quails placed soon after with the inoculated flock died on 5.3 and 7.5 DPI, respectively. Both oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken for all three species during various time intervals after inoculation. It was found that oropharyngeal swabs showed higher viral titers than in cloacal swabs applicable to all three avian species. The chickens and quails shed the virus until they died (up to 3 to 6 days after inoculation, respectively) whilst the ducks shed the virus on 2-4 DPI. The postmortem tissues collected from the chickens and quails on day 3 and days 4-5 and from clinically normal ducks that were euthanized on day 4 contained the virus. However, the ducks had significantly lower viral titers than the chickens or quails. Thus, the three avian species varied significantly in their clinical signs, mortality, tissue virus titers, and duration of virus shedding. Our observations suggest that duck and quail farms should be monitored particularly closely for the presence of HPAIV so that further virus transmission to other avian or mammalian hosts can be prevented.     

鸭Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒YH99V株HN基因的克隆和序列分析

在浙江地区进行鸭病病因的调查过程中，从患病鸭群中分离到一株引起鸭产蛋锐减而不死亡的病毒，经鉴定该病毒属于禽副粘病毒Ⅰ型，命名为YH99V株。以YH99V株的基因组RNA为模板，通过RT—PCR一步法扩增出其HN基因的cDNA片段，然后将其克隆至pMD18-T载体中，对其进行序列测定。测序后拼接出HN基因的序列长度为1785bp，该基因的ORF总长为1734bp，编码577个氨基酸。将YH99V株HN基因序列和推导的氨基酸序列与新城疫毒株的HN基因相应序列比较后发现，它们的核苷酸序列同源性分别在82．1％～99．7％，氨基酸序列同源性为87．2％～99．5％。在同源性比较的基础上，进一步绘制了Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒株HN基因的系统发育树。这对于Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒毒力基因的功能分析和该病的分子流行病调查有着重要的意义。     

禽副黏病毒2型研究进展

禽副粘病毒 2型 (PMV-2 )属于副粘病毒科、腮腺炎病毒属 ,是制备人用生物制品所用SPF鸡的必检项目。该病毒呈世界性分布 ,我国鸡群中的感染也普遍存在。 PMV-2单独感染SPF鸡仅引起轻微的呼吸道症状 ,但与 IBV、MG等禽呼吸道病病原混合感染会明显加强后者的致病作用。PMV-2的 HN基因的 ORF全长为 1 743 nt,编码一个由 580个氨基酸组成的蛋白 ,F基因较为保守 ,变异不是很大。文章重点介绍了近年来关于 PMV-2病原学、流行病学、致病性、分子生物学以及诊断和防治方法的最新研究进展。     

鸭源副黏病毒的致病性试验

利用鸭源副黏病毒(DPMV)SDFC株分别人工感染21日龄健康非免疫樱桃谷肉鸭和SPF雏鸡,观察试验鸡、鸭的发病情况及临床症状,于感染后不同时间剖杀,观察各组织器官的病理变化,并进行病理组织学研究。结果显示,鸭感染DPMV后发病率为100%,死亡率为43.3%;而鸡感染后的发病率、死亡率均为100%。病理组织学研究结果显示,鸭感染DPMV后,以心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、法氏囊广泛性出血、变性为特征,消化道病变较轻微;而鸡感染DPMV后,各组织器官广泛性出血,脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊、肝脏、胰腺、肾脏、心肌组织细胞出现不同程度的变性、坏死;食管、腺胃和各段肠管广泛性出血,并伴有黏膜脱落。结果表明,DPMV对鸡、鸭均有较强的致病性,而与鸡相比,对鸭的致病性较弱。     

动物副黏病毒感染与对策思考

尼帕病毒(Ni V)和亨德拉病毒(HeV)属于副黏病毒亚科的亨尼帕病毒属的成员。Ni V和HeV感染引起新的两种重要的人兽共患传染病。有关APMV-1(NDV)的发病和流行以及病原学研究认为APMV-1不断发生演化,新的基因型不断产生,对不同宿主的致病力不断变化,病毒感染的宿主谱不断扩大。本文简要介绍两种新的人兽共患传染病和APMV-1对鹅、鸭、猪的感染研究现状,就APMV-1宿主感染谱与演化加以分析,思考新的动物副黏病毒病防控对策。     

Characterization of novel avian paramyxovirus strain APMV/Shimane67 isolated from migratory wild geese in Japan

An avian paramyxovirus (APMV) isolated from goose feces (APMV/Shimane67) was biologically, serologically and genetically characterized. APMV/Shimane67 showed typical paramyxovirus morphology on electron microscopy. On hemagglutination inhibition test, antiserum against APMV/Shimane67 revealed low reactivity with other APMV serotypes and vice versa. The fusion (F) protein gene of APMV/Shimane67 contained 1,638 nucleotides in a single open reading frame encoding a protein of 545 amino acids. The cleavage site of F protein contained a pair of single basic amino acid (VRENR/L). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the F gene of APMV/Shimane67 had relatively low identities (42.9–62.7% and 28.9–67.3%, respectively) with those of other APMVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that APMV/Shimane67 was related to NDV, APMV-9 and APMV-12, but was distinct from those APMV serotypes. These results suggest that APMV/Shimane67 is a new APMV serotype, APMV-13.     

B亚型禽偏肺病毒对SPF鸡的致病性

利用分离的1株B亚型禽偏肺病毒,采用静脉注射和点眼滴鼻两种途径接种SPF鸡,并在接种同时免疫新城疫弱毒疫苗。在攻毒后3、6、9、12、15d,每组随机抽取3只翅下采血,检测血液生化指标,利用血凝和血凝抑制试验检测新城疫HI抗体效价;利用流式细胞术分析外周血CD40／CD8比值,ELISA试剂盒测定血清中IL-2、IFN7的含量;同时观察静脉注射组和点眼滴鼻组鸡的临床症状、剖检病变和病理组织学变化。结果表明,攻毒后9～15d,静脉注射组和点眼滴鼻组外周血CD4＋/CD8＋比值和血清II-2、IFN-γ的含量均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）,而静脉注射组与点眼滴鼻组间无显著差异（P〉0．05）;静脉注射组和点眼滴鼻组的免疫器官指数低于对照组,但各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）;各组间新城疫HI抗体水平无显著差异（P〉0．05）;血液生化指标仪谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）在攻毒后显著升高（P〈0．05）,其他指标在各组间无显著差异（P〉0．05）;静脉注射组和点眼滴鼻组在感染后3～10d出现轻微临床症状;病理组织学检测结果显示,静脉注射组和点眼滴鼻组的呼吸道和肝脏病变最明显。综上所述,B亚型禽偏肺病毒感染SPF鸡后,在一段时间内抑制机体细胞免疫,导致免疫机能下降,并引起轻微的组织病变;B亚型禽偏肺病毒通过两种不同的攻毒途径对SPF鸡的致病性无显著差异。     

Pathogenesis of two strains of avian paramyxovirus serotype 2, Yucaipa and Bangor, in chickens and turkeys

Nine serologic types of avian paramyxovirus (APMV) have been recognized. Newcastle disease virus (APMV-1) is the most extensively characterized virus, while relatively little information is available for the other APMV serotypes. In the present study, we examined the pathogenicity of two strains of APMV-2, Yucaipa and Bangor, in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks, and 4-wk-old SPF chickens and turkeys. The mean death time in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs was more than 168 hr for both strains, and their intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) was zero, indicating that these viruses are nonpathogenic in chickens. When inoculated intracerebrally in 1-day-old chicks, neither strain caused disease or replicated detectably in the brain. This suggests that the zero ICPI value of APMV-2 reflects the inability of the virus to grow in neural cells. Groups of twelve 4-wk-old SPF chickens and turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with either strain, and three birds per group were euthanatized on days 2, 4, 6, and 14 postinoculation for analysis. There were no overt clinical signs of illnesses, although all birds seroconverted by day 6. The viruses were isolated predominantly from the respiratory and alimentary tracts. Immunohistochemistry studies also showed the presence of a large amount of viral antigens in epithelial linings of respiratory and alimentary tracts. There also was evidence of systemic spread even though the cleavage site of the viral fusion glycoprotein does not contain the canonical furin protease cleavage site.     

一株经鸭胚传递的鸭副黏病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性

从表现疑似副黏病毒症状的1日龄雏鸭和死亡鸭胚中分离到1株病毒,经HA、HI和病毒中和反应鉴定为副黏病毒,命名为SDFCH株。按常规方法测得SDFCH株的生物学毒力指标MDT、ICPI和IVPI分别为56.6 h、1.78和2.59,鸭胚半数致死量LD50为10-8.5,表明SDFCH株为副黏病毒强毒株。用分离病毒对11日龄鸭胚和7日龄雏鸭攻毒,孵化出的雏鸭和攻毒的雏鸭均出现明显的剖检变化。根据GenBank中NDV F基因序列设计合成了3对引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出了鸭源Ⅰ型禽副黏病毒(APMV-1)SDFCH株的F基因。与已发表副黏病毒F基因相关序列对比结果表明:SDFCH株与鸭、鹅源副黏病毒的同源性较高,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性均在96.4%~98.0%之间,而与Lasota株同源性较低,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性仅为84.4%和87.9%。表明该毒株相对于传统的Lasota株已经发生了较大的变异。     

B亚型禽白血病病毒所致免疫抑制条件下共感染禽波氏杆菌对雏鸡的影响

选择B亚型禽白血病病毒（ALV-B）感染雏鸡造成免疫机能低下,建立免疫抑制模型,以探索免疫抑制条件下共感染禽波氏杆菌后对雏鸡致病性的影响。设计了ALV-B单独感染组,B.avium单独感染组,ALV-B和B.avium共感染组,空白对照组,并且比较相互之间的差异。通过对雏鸡免疫学指标、生长性能及病毒血症和排毒状况的检测,对二者混合感染雏鸡的影响进行了研究。结果显示,ALV-B和B.avium共感染能引起雏鸡的免疫力低下,表现为免疫器官的发育、抗体的产生、淋巴细胞的转化、IL-2和IFN-γ的合成和分泌等受到明显抑制;混合感染组延长了B.avium的病程,增强其对雏鸡的致病性;同时机体出现明显的生长迟滞现象,尤其是第5周龄,共感染组平均体质量仅相当于对照组的40%。结果表明,ALV-B和B.avium在雏鸡体内的增殖方面起协同作用,从而促进了病原在鸡群间的散播;而B.avium对ALV-B导致的病毒血症有一定的抑制作用。在ALV-B免疫抑制作用下,B.avium对雏鸡的致病性显著增强。     

血清Ⅰ型鸭源副粘病毒HN蛋白基因的遗传变异及原核表达

参考GenBank发表的鹅副粘病毒（GPMV）SF02株基因组核苷酸序列，设计并合成了1对特异性引物，采用RT—PCR技术扩增鸭源血清I型禽副粘病毒DP1／0z株的HN基因，并进行遗传变异及原核表达研究。结果显示，HN基因共1716bp，编码571个氨基酸，存在6个潜在的糖基化位点和13个完全保守的半胱氨酸（C）残基。与GenBank中收录的鹕源副粘病毒HN基因核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为81．3％～98．3％和87．2％～98．4％，系统进化树分析表明DP／02株与鹅源副粘病毒处于同一进化分支。经SDS—PAGE、Western—blot分析，原核表达的HN蛋白相对分子质量在63000左右，1mol／L（终浓度）IPTG时间梯度诱导，3h时HN蛋白表达量最高，占整个菌体蛋白含量的30％，且能与鼠抗鸭源血清I型禽副粘病毒阳性血清反应。     

禽呼肠孤病毒鸡源分离株的鉴定与人工感染试验

从临床患病鸡关节病料中分离到一株病毒，在电镜下观察到病毒粒子无囊膜，有双层衣壳，外衣壳直径约75nm，内核约50nm；分离病毒株对酸、热有较强的抵抗力，对乙醚不敏感；病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞上能产生以融合细胞为特征的CPE；爪垫接种1日龄雏鸡表现出明显的病毒性关节炎临床症状，并伴有吸收障碍型和坏死型的病理变化；血清中和交叉试验表明，该病毒分离株与国内的2株番鸭源呼肠孤病毒（YH和YB）分离株和国外S1133呈不同程度的交叉反应。通过对分离病毒株进行电镜观察、理化特性试验、病毒感染力测定、致病性试验、血清学试验，可以确定该分离病毒为禽呼肠孤病毒。     

Experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens with avian rotaviruses

One-to-70-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were infected with rotaviruses isolated from chickens, turkeys, and pheasants. Chicks infected at 1 or 7 days of age remained largely free of infection: virus could be isolated from a few chicks of these ages, but virus antigen could not be detected in the epithelial cells of the intestinal villi. Treating the virus with trypsin before inoculation did not markedly enhance virus infectivity. The same batches of virus successfully infected chickens at 56 and 70 days of age: virus could be isolated between 1 and 5 days postinfection, and virus antigen was detected in the epithelial cells of the intestinal villi. Rotaviruses isolated from pheasants were infectious for 49-day-old chickens. All infections in the older chickens remained subclinical.     

鹅副粘病毒NA-1分离株HN蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

鹅副粘病毒分离株NA-1经11日龄鸡胚增殖后纯化.提取病毒的基因组RNA,采用RT-PCR扩增出与预期设计的1.7kb大小相符合的特异条带.将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pMD 18-T载体,经纯化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,初步获得了含鹅副粘病毒HN基因的阳性克隆,并对阳性克隆进行测序.测序后拼接得出HN基因的全序列长度为1 740bp,该基因的ORF总长为1 716 bp,编码571个氨基酸.与GenBank下载的15株参考毒株比较HN基因编码区全核苷酸序列,发现所测NA-1毒株与参考毒株YG97核苷酸序列同源性为97.3%,与F48E9同源性为84.5%,与La Sota为82.2%.同源性分析表明NA-1相对于NDV在HN基因上发生了较大的变异.     

Experimental infection of hamsters with avian paramyxovirus serotypes 1 to 9

ABSTRACT: Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are frequently isolated from domestic and wild birds throughout the world and are separated into nine serotypes (APMV-1 to -9). Only in the case of APMV-1, the infection of non-avian species has been investigated. The APMVs presently are being considered as human vaccine vectors. In this study, we evaluated the replication and pathogenicity of all nine APMV serotypes in hamsters. The hamsters were inoculated intranasally with each virus and monitored for clinical disease, pathology, histopathology, virus replication, and seroconversion. On the basis of one or more of these criteria, each of the APMV serotypes was found to replicate in hamsters. The APMVs produced mild or inapparent clinical signs in hamsters except for APMV-9, which produced moderate disease. Gross lesions were observed over the pulmonary surface of hamsters infected with APMV-2 & -3, which showed petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, respectively. Replication of all of the APMVs except APMV-5 was confirmed in the nasal turbinates and lungs, indicating a tropism for the respiratory tract. Histologically, the infection resulted in lung lesions consistent with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of varying severity and nasal turbinates with blunting or loss of cilia of the epithelium lining the nasal septa. The majority of APMV-infected hamsters exhibited transient histological lesions that self resolved by 14 days post infection (dpi). All of the hamsters infected with the APMVs produced serotype-specific HI or neutralizing antibodies, confirming virus replication. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all nine known APMV serotypes are capable of replicating in hamsters with minimal disease and pathology.