首届野生动物养殖信息技术经验交流会召开

中国野生动物保护协会养殖委员会首届野生动物养殖信息技术经验交流会于1992年5月13日在四川省都江堰市召开。都江堰市委领导,四川省林业厅副厅长曹正其同志,林业部保护司森林动植物管理处养殖委员会常务委员张志忠同志及中国野生动物保护协会秘书处主任养殖委员会常务委员耿戍同志到会并做了重要讲话。养殖委员会常务副主任委员东北林业大学野生动物系主任马建章教授代表养殖委员会做了题为“以经济建设为中心。开创我国野生动物养殖业新局面”的讲话。来自22个省、市、自治区的130多名代表参加了会议。代表们畅所欲言,交流信息,开扩了视野,为开创我国野生动物养殖业的新局面迈出了新的一步。     

杭州市野生动物驯养繁殖现状及发展思路

野生动物驯养繁殖业是一项新兴的产业,对促进经济建设和社会发展起到重要的推动作用。为了更好地发展杭州野生动物养殖业,2006年8月至2007年10月期间对杭州市野生动物养殖业现状进行了系统调查。研究发现,杭州市野生动物养殖业具有范围大、种类丰富、珍稀保护物种多、地区发展不平衡的特点。因此,建议政府从政策和资金上大力扶持野生动物养殖业,进一步完善对养殖业的管理,使各地野生动物养殖业更趋规范化,并在此基础上提高养殖技术,实施深加工战略,开展社会协作,加强信息交流。     

我国特养业面临的问题与对策

特种经济动物养殖是一个新兴的产业，作为畜牧业的一个组成部分，它对我国的经济发展和人民生活水平的提高发挥着越来越重要的作用。面对新世纪和新千年，我国的特种经济动物养殖业该如何发展，已成为人们普遍关注的热门话题。 一、当前我国特种养殖业所面临的问题 与普通的养殖业相比，特种养殖有许多的优势，特别是加入ＷＴＯ后，由于西方国家对皮毛动物和特禽的需求量很大，为我国扩大产品出口创造了有利时机。这将大大促进我国特养业的发展。另外，搞好特种养殖也有利于我国保护野生动物资源。但是，我国特种养殖业目前还很不规范，还存…     

我国特种动物养殖的现状和发展趋势展望

特种养殖是近２０年崛起的新兴产业。自２０世纪８０年代兴起养鸽热揭开特种养殖的帷幕后，至今已经形成特种禽类、特种兽类和特种水产养殖并驾齐驱的局面。适当发展特养业有利于满足不同层次消费者对不同生活消费品日益增长的需要；有利于保护野生动物资源，促进生态平衡；有利于第二、三产业的发展，提供就业机会，维护社会稳定；有利于农村经济的发展，增加农民收入。本文就我国特种养殖的现状和发展趋势做一概述。１特养现状分析及养殖预测对当前我国特种养殖业的发展状况进行综合分析可以发现，大部分特种养殖业的发展前景依然看好。但…     

中国经济野生动物产业发展战略模式探讨

目前中国的经济野生动物产业尚未走上提高经济效益的轨道.制约因素主要有:养殖业基本上处于低水平状态:野生动物产品附加值低;缺乏野生动物产品市场准入制度.长期以来,中国野生动物产业主要实施初级产品出口的发展战略,结果使得我国经济野生动物产业很难摆脱对国际市场的依赖性,难以提高自身优势.因此,从产业发展的全局出发,分析构成产业发展全局的局部及各要素之间的关系,找出影响并决定经济野生动物产业全局发展的因素,对促进经济野生动物产业发展具有战略意义.为取得产业的比较优势、促进产业的健康发展,我国的经济野生动物产业应实施进口替代与出口替代相结合的发展战略.     

我国经济野生动物养殖产业化对策（摘要）

如何使一些历史悠久、享有盛誉的传统出口创汇产品占领国际市场;如何使一些养殖开发的野生动物新产品、新工艺进行规模化生产并更好地开拓、占领国际国内市场;如何使我国的某些野生动物养殖产品成为高科技、高附加值的新型产品,提高国内外市场竞争力;一句话,如何使我国经济野生动物养殖业在21世纪健康持续发展?我认为首先在政策法规上对野生动物养殖产业     

探究生态猪养殖技术及发展趋势

经济的发展带动了各个行业技术的进步,养殖业也不例外.养殖业能够促进经济的发展,提升人民生活质量,增加我国进出口物资,对我国农牧业的发展有很大的帮助.生态猪养殖是发展养殖业必不可少的一项内容,生态猪的养殖有很高的技术要求和环境要求,本文主要就生态猪养殖技术和发展趋势进行了相关的探讨和分析.     

常见牛羊疫病的综合防治措施

牛羊养殖是我国畜牧养殖的重要组成部分,能够促进我国农村地区经济的发展,同时对提升养殖户的经济收入水平意义重大,然而在牛羊养殖业发展中经常会遇到一些疾病,威胁牛养殖业的健康发展。为此,应该做好牛羊疫病的综合防治工作,提高防治的效果,促进我国牛羊养殖业的健康发展。     

绿色畜牧养殖技术的推广研究

发展绿色畜牧养殖,是当前我国畜牧养殖业中大力提倡的内容.人们对绿色产品的需求促进了我国畜牧养殖业绿色养殖、绿色生产的发展,并在此基础上将绿色畜牧养殖技术进行大力推广和使用.发展绿色畜牧养殖不仅可以提升人们的经济收入,还可以保护我国的生态环境,提高我国畜牧产品的质量和国际竞争力,改善我国畜牧养殖业的发展现状.     

试论规模化猪场的生猪养殖技术要点

社会经济的快速发展以及人们日常生活水平的不断提升,为生猪养殖业提供了快速发展的机会。近年来,我国基层地区的生猪养殖业发展迅速,呈现出规模化与集约化的养殖新特点。这不仅有助于新农村的建设与发展,还促进了我国社会经济的整体发展,规模化养殖已成为生猪养殖的主要发展趋势。本文主要探讨规模化猪场的生猪养殖技术要点。     

Managing the wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis: the Michigan, USA, experience

Historical, social and economic factors combined to provide a focus where bovine tuberculosis has become established in free-ranging wildlife in northeastern lower Michigan. White-tailed deer, the primary reservoir and maintenance host of tuberculosis, are highly valued by the public, and particularly hunters, for cultural and economic reasons. Since 1995, significant progress has been made in defining and reducing the reservoir of tuberculosis in deer. As yet, no other wildlife species has been shown to play an epidemiologically important role in the disease cycle. The importance of deer and deer hunting to Michigan has uniquely shaped tuberculosis control policies, and poses ongoing challenges as wildlife managers strive to maintain momentum for broad control strategies, and develop focused strategies that are publicly acceptable. Even if momentum and funding can be maintained, tuberculosis will likely continue to be present for a decade or longer. Thus, cattle producers waiting for tuberculosis to be eradicated from wildlife to eliminate risks to their herds and markets face disappointment for the foreseeable future. Such unrealistic expectations also place Michigan's federal tuberculosis accreditation status at perpetual risk. Accredited free status is unlikely to be regained without accompanying changes in cattle management. In Michigan, management of tuberculosis has clearly demonstrated that social issues and public approval are likely to be the critical limiting factors in control.     

Using Range Condition Assessment to Optimize Wildlife Stocking in Tindress Wildlife Sanctuary,Nakuru District,Kenya

Over 70% of Kenya’s wildlife resources occur outside protected areas, in areas where land use practices do not necessarily conform to wildlife conservation standards. Ensuring that land use practices in these areas accommodate wildlife conservation is vital in effectively conserving wildlife in this country. Tindress Farm in Rift Valley offers a good example of a place where economic activities and wildlife conservation can work harmoniously. The farm has set up a 320-ha wildlife sanctuary in the hilly parts of the property to provide a haven for wildlife displaced by human settlements in the surrounding environs. The Tindress Farm management needed to know the diversity and optimum number of wildlife species that the sanctuary could accommodate. This study set out to 1) outline a set of models for objectively calculating wildlife stocking levels and 2) demonstrate the practical use of these models in estimating optimum stocking levels for a specific wildlife sanctuary. After comparing models using forage inventory methods models and utilization-based methods (UM), we opted to use UM models because of their focus on ecological energetics. This study established that the range condition in Tindress Wildlife Sanctuary varied from poor to good (29–69%) and recommended a total stocking density of 158.9 grazer units and 201.4 browser units shared out by the various herbivore species. These estimates remain a best-case scenario. The effects of rainfall, range condition, and condition of the animals should be monitored continuously to allow for adjustments through active adaptive management.     

Detection of Bartonella henselae in the blood of 2 adult horses

BACKGROUND: Bartonella spp. are emerging zoonotic agents that have been found in a wide variety of domestic animals and wildlife and cause a number of clinical syndromes. Bartonella sp. infection has been identified in a growing number of animal species, including cats, rodents, porpoises, and canids, but has not been reported in horses. OBJECTIVE: To document the presence of Bartonella sp. in the blood of horses. ANIMALS: One horse with chronic arthropathy and 1 horse with presumptive vasculitis. METHODS: Blood samples were tested for the presence of Bartonella sp. by a combination of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction and enrichment culture technique. RESULTS: Bartonella henselae was isolated or detected in the blood of both horses. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Bartonella henselae infection should be investigated as the cause of disease in horses.     

Development of the England Wildlife Health Strategy--a framework for decision makers

Diseases in wildlife have been recognised as having the potential to affect human health, livestock health and species conservation. In order to assess and respond to these potential risks in an effective and a proportionate way, the UK Government initiated development of the Wildlife Health Strategy to provide a framework for decision making. The England Wildlife Health Strategy (EWHS) has been developed through extensive consultation. Discussions and negotiations with government departments, agencies, non-governmental public bodies and wildlife organisations were held to obtain advice and input on specific and specialised aspects of wildlife health. A series of workshops to investigate the application of innovative science to wildlife health policy contributed further. A formal public consultation was held that proposed a range of actions to implement the strategy. A summary of responses to this consultation was published in October 2007. The EWHS was published in June 2009 and provides a framework for a generic four-stage approach to wildlife health that can be adopted by decision makers both within and outside government.     

Acceptance and palatability for domestic and wildlife hosts of baits designed to deliver a tuberculosis vaccine to wild boar piglets

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is an important health problem worldwide. The control of TB through vaccination of wildlife reservoirs may potentially have advantages over other management strategies. The most practical approach to deliver vaccines to wildlife is using oral baits that are stable under field conditions and effective in reaching the target species. Baits were developed in our laboratory to deliver oral vaccines to wild boar piglets. However, these baits were well accepted by other wild species. Therefore, bait consumption by different M. bovis hosts was evaluated herein. The results showed that the baits were well accepted by cattle, feral pigs, and adult red deer whereas small mammals like badgers and possums showed varying bait acceptance. Bait acceptance by different species has the advantage of targeting more than one wildlife reservoir when they coexist in the same area and need to be vaccinated for TB control. However, bait delivery methods such as the use of selective feeders to target the desired species should be developed to avoid bait consumption by other species.     

Zoological medicine and public health

Public-health issues regarding zoological collections and free-ranging wildlife have historically been linked to the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases and accidents relating to bites or injection of venom or toxins by venomous animals. It is only recently that major consideration has been given worldwide to the role of the veterinary profession in contributing to investigating zoonotic diseases in free-ranging wildlife and integrating the concept of public health into the management activities of game preserves and wildlife parks. At the veterinary undergraduate level, courses in basic epidemiology, which should include outbreak investigation and disease surveillance, but also in population medicine, in infectious and parasitic diseases (especially new and emerging or re-emerging zoonoses), and in ecology should be part of the core curriculum. Foreign diseases, especially dealing with zoonotic diseases that are major threats because of possible agro-terrorism or spread of zoonoses, need to be taught in veterinary college curricula. Furthermore, knowledge of the principles of ecology and ecosystems should be acquired either during pre-veterinary studies or, at least, at the beginning of the veterinary curriculum. At the post-graduate level, master's degrees in preventive veterinary medicine, ecology and environmental health, or public health with an emphasis on infectious diseases should be offered to veterinarians seeking job opportunities in public health and wildlife management.     

Control of infectious diseases of wildlife in Europe

During the last 30 years, new epidemiological patterns have emerged as free-ranging wildlife have become progressively more involved in the epidemiology of both common and emerging infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. This has been seen in rabies, bovine tuberculosis and more recently in wild-boar classical swine fever. Emerging diseases are of interest to veterinarians as well as public health officials but attempts to control these diseases have not always been successful as in wildlife populations control of either host or pathogen can present particular problems. Lessons should be learnt from previous experiences to help in the management of new emerging diseases in the future.     

Progress in the development of tuberculosis vaccines for cattle and wildlife

Vaccination against bovine tuberculosis is likely to become an important disease control strategy in developing countries, which cannot afford a test and slaughter control programme, or in countries which have a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the development and evaluation of tuberculosis vaccines for cattle and for a range of wildlife maintenance hosts including possums, badgers, deer and African buffaloes. Experimental challenge systems have been established for the different target species and the resulting disease process has mimicked that seen in the field. In cattle, neonatal vaccination with BCG appeared to be more effective than vaccination of 6-month-old calves and in most situations no other vaccine has been shown to be better than BCG. However, prime-boost strategies involving combinations of BCG with a protein or DNA vaccine, to improve on BCG vaccination alone, have produced very encouraging results. Differential diagnostic tests have been developed using mycobacterial antigens that are only present in virulent M. bovis to differentiate between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected cattle. BCG vaccine has been shown to reduce the spread of tuberculous lesions in a range of wildlife species and a prototype oral bait delivery system has been developed. Prospects for the development of improved vaccines against bovine tuberculosis are promising and vaccination approaches could become very valuable in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis.     

Wildlife veterinarian, conservation and public health

In recent years wildlife diseases (infectious and non-infectious) have played a relevant role in both wildlife conservation and public health. Global environmental changes have determined a bimodal evolution of wildlife. On one side a huge loss of biodiversity has been observed leading to the increasing of threatened or endangered species. In contrast few opportunistic taxa increased their aboundances and ranges. The above scenarios claim the intervention of wildlife veterinarians. In conservation the understanding of the ecological role of the host parasite relationship and the perturbations on the host population dynamics have to be assessed and eventually modified. In public health the increased overlapping among wildlife, livestock, pets and human beings represents a risk for diseases spread (no matter in which directions). Serious limits are, still now, observed in the acceptance of this 'new world' by veterinary academics. As a consequence curricula often fail in providing adequate skill at both undergraduate and graduate levels. An addressed approach towards wildlife diseases should be promoted as an essential component of environmental management.     

圈养野生动物营养研究进展

动物营养学是一门阐明营养物质摄入与生命活动之间关系的科学。目前,动物营养学在家畜家禽养殖研究上较为深入,而在圈养野生动物中只在近几十年才取得一些成果。本文主要在野生动物营养研究方法、野生动物营养评价方法和圈养野生动物营养需求三个方面进行阐述,并结合家畜家禽的研究进展进行综述。很多野生动物营养研究是基于家畜家禽的研究,但野生动物又有别于家畜家禽,因此圈养野生动物营养的科学与均衡应该是野生动物饲养工作中的最主要问题。