陇东典型草原不同载畜量土壤的微生物季节变化

通过对甘肃环县典型草原试验区中不同载畜量下草地土壤微生物数量的季节动态变化的研究,表明在退化草地中采取围栏封育或适度的放牧,可以提高土壤肥力和微生物的数量,对退化草地的恢复演替有良好的促进作用。     

放牧对羊草根际土壤线虫群落及区系的影响

为了探索放牧干扰对羊草（Leymus chinensis Tzvel）根际土壤小型动物-土壤线虫群落的影响规律,本试验以土壤线虫为生物指标对典型草原放牧区及围栏区羊草根际土壤线虫群落特征及区系进行了研究,结果表明：羊草根际共捕获34属线虫,放牧影响羊草根际线虫总数量及优势类群,不同土层土壤线虫总数量的分布规律为：围栏区>放牧区,放牧区优势及次优势类群中植物寄生线虫类所占比例明显高于围栏区。放牧区羊草根际土壤线虫Shannon多样性指数显著高于围栏区。放牧区瓦斯乐斯卡指数及自由生活线虫成熟度指数低于围栏区,说明放牧区土壤健康状况较差。放牧影响羊草根际土壤线虫区系的分布,放牧区0~10 cm,10~20 cm羊草根际土壤线虫区系分布在B区和D区,表明放牧区土壤线虫食物网相对于围栏区受干扰大、土壤线虫食物网不稳定,且退化。     

特克斯县国家退牧还草工程项目区围栏草地恢复效果的研究报告

本试验对特克斯县近几年来的国家天然草原退牧还草工程项目区的围栏休牧和禁牧草地进行了恢复效果的草地动态监测．选取工程项目区外的放牧利用草地作为对照,通过对比研究围栏禁牧、休牧草地与对照草地在群落多样性、群落数量结构和土壤养分等方面的差异变化．旨在于了解和分析围栏休牧、禁牧对退化草地的恢复作用和影响,退牧还草工程实施以来所取得的成果。     

不同治理措施对退化草原土壤可培养微生物区系的影响

利用纯培养技术,对退化草原四项不同治理措施(浅耕翻、耙地、播种羊草、围栏封育)处理后的土壤微生物进行研究.结果表明,四项治理措施中,各类群土壤微生物均显著高于对照区.0～10 cm土层,微生物各类群的数量均依次为浅耕翻＞耙地＞播种羊草＞围栏封育＞对照;四项治理措施细菌数量依次比对照区增高了91.95％、89.66、87.36％和73.56％;真菌数量增高了53.06％、50.34％、50.34％和23.81％;放线菌数量增高了41.27％、38.89％、24.47％和22.63％.10～30 cm土层,细菌和放线菌的数量均依次为浅耕翻＞耙地＞播种羊草＞围栏封育＞对照;四项治理措施细菌数量依次比对照区增高了43.59％、43.59％、41.03％和33.33％;放线菌数量分别比对照区增高了34.19％、31.15％、29.74％和5.39％;而该土层真菌数最则依次为围栏封育＞播种羊草＞浅耕翻＞耙地＞对照,四项治理措施分别比对照增高了221.74％、191.30％、162.86％和161.43％.采取不同治理措施后,微生物各类群的数量增高幅度各不相同,其中0～l0cm土层细菌数量增高幅度最高,真菌次之,放线菌最低.而l0～30cm土层真菌数最增高幅度最高,细菌次之,放线菌最低.四项治理措施土壤微生物与对照均有显著性差异.     

不同封育年限对退化草原土壤理化性质和微生物的影响

为促进退化草原的恢复和重建工作,试验以不围栏封育作为对照,设置围栏处理1年、3年和5年,以研究不同封育年限对退化草原土壤理化性质和微生物数量的影响。结果表明:土壤容重、土壤pH值和EC值(电导率)随着封育年限的增加逐渐降低,随土层深度的增加而增加;土壤孔隙度和毛管持水量随着封育年限的增加而逐渐增加;土壤有机质含量、土壤氮磷钾含量、速效氮磷钾含量和土壤微生物数量呈先增加后降低趋势,但随着土层深度的增加而降低。试验以封育3年的效果较佳,与对照相比0~10cm、10~20cm土层土壤容重和pH值都有所减少,而土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、土壤有机质含量、土壤氮磷钾含量、土壤速效氮磷钾含量以及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量都有所增加。     

围封对当雄县高寒草原土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

过度放牧会严重破坏土壤生态系统,造成土壤退化,土壤一旦退化,即使很长年限也难以恢复。本研究通过围栏禁牧(1、4、6年)对青藏高原当雄县高寒草原退化草地进行修复,分析围封时间对高寒草原土壤理化性质、土壤微生物和酶活性的影响,以期阐明围封对高寒退化草地修复的影响。结果表明,与放牧土壤相比,围封1、4和6年的草地土壤水溶性有机碳和水溶性有机氮含量显著提高(P0.05),围封6年的土壤含水量显著增加,p H值显著降低;围封显著改变了土壤蔗糖酶和L-天冬酰胺酶活性,土壤蔗糖酶和L-天冬酰胺酶活性均随着围封年限的延长有增加的趋势;围封6年土壤细菌、放线菌和革兰氏阳性细菌含量相比放牧显著升高。因此,围封不仅会引起土壤物理化学性质的变化,而且土壤酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构都会发生相应改变。Pearson相关性分析表明,水溶性有机碳、水溶性有机氮、土壤水均与土壤酶活性和微生物类群生物量显著或极显著(P0.01)相关,因此这些指标可以指示退化草地修复状况。围栏禁牧有利于提高土壤易降解有机质含量,从而促进微生物生长,加速营养物质循环,促进高寒草原生态系统的恢复。     

恢复措施对云南退化山地草甸土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用围栏封育、补播、重建等恢复措施,并以围栏外为对照,研究各措施对不同退化梯度的山地草甸土壤微生物数量、脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的影响.结果表明:土壤细菌的数量补播显著高于其它措施和对照(P<0.05);各植被恢复措施对山地草甸细菌数量的影响基本上表现为补播>自然封育>重建,而对真菌和放线菌数量的影响为重建>补播>自然封育;对土壤脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的影响为自然封育>补播>重建;土壤脲酶活性与细菌数量呈显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性与细菌数量呈显著正相关.     

不同放牧强度下温性草甸草原土壤微生物群落结构PLFAs分析

土壤微生物群落是土壤质量和生态系统功能变化的敏感指标。为了探讨放牧对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以呼伦贝尔草甸草原肉牛控制放牧试验为平台,分析4种不同放牧强度(对照区G_0.00:0.00 Au/hm²、轻度放牧G_0.23:0.23 Au/hm² 、中度放牧G_0.46:0.46 Au/hm² 、重度放牧G_0.92:0.92 Au/hm²)下温性草甸草原土壤微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,放牧改变了土壤微生物的组成,但不影响功能菌的优势地位。土壤总微生物量随着放牧强度的增加表现为先减少后增加的趋势,即为对照区最高,中度放牧G_0.46最低,重度放牧G_0.92出现小幅度的回升;细菌、革兰氏阴性菌、腐生真菌、丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)生物量也呈现相同变化。革兰氏阳性菌、放线菌生物量则随着放牧强度的增加而增加。此外,AMF对于放牧干扰最为敏感(各放牧强度下极显著差异P<0.01)。除趋势对应分析结果表明,对照区G_0.00和轻度放牧G_0.23处理下土壤的微生物群落结构较为相似,中度放牧G_0.46和重度放牧G_0.92处理导致微生物群落结构发生大幅度改变。有机质、速效磷是影响微生物种类和数量的重要养分因素。     

天山北坡退化草地土壤环境与微生物数量的关系

通过对天山北坡退化草原微生物区系的试验,研究微生物区系与退化程度、与土壤水分系数的关系。结果表明,未退化草原土壤中微生物总数量最多,中度退化草原土壤中的微生物总数量最少。退化草原微生物区系中10～20cm土壤层的微生物数量比0～10cm土壤层的微生物数量多。微生物区系中,真菌数量与土壤速效钾、有效磷、全磷呈显著正相关,与氮微弱正相关,与土壤容重、密度呈显著正相关。细菌、放线菌数量与pH值呈极显著正相关。极度退化土壤的碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾、有效磷、全磷、有机质、总盐含量、pH均最大。     

封育对干热河谷稀树灌草丛退化草地土壤种子库和植物多样性的影响

于2004年对金沙江干热河谷地区典型稀树灌草丛退化草地进行了围栏封育。在封育后第1年和第2年,以未围栏封育退化草地为对照,对草地土壤种子库和植被的物种组成、密度变化、多样性变化及土壤种子库与植被群落的相似性进行了调查和分析。结果表明,随着围栏封育年限的增加,土壤种子库密度和植物密度增加极显著（P〈0．001）,其物种组成主要以一年生草本为主。在围栏封育过程中,土壤种子库和物种丰富度明显下降,物种多样性降低,植被均匀性下降。随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数和植被物种组成相似性指数均降低。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.