淮南猪遗传特异性的RAPD分析

试验用150个10碱基随机引物对引入品种杜洛克猪、长白猪、大约克猪及河南地方品种淮南猪4个猪种基因组池DNA进行了RAPD分析。电泳检测结果发现,其中72个引物扩增出明显的多态性条带,共检测到911条扩增片段,其中多态性片段462条,占50.71%。统计分析结果表明,大约克猪与长白猪之间的遗传距离指数为0.0064,遗传关系最近;淮南猪与杜洛克猪、大约克猪遗传距离指数相近,分别为0.0068、0.0069,遗传关系较近;淮南猪与长白猪遗传距离指数为0.0072,遗传关系最远。结果显示,河南省地方品种淮南猪与其他引入品种之间有遗传的相似性,也存在差异,同时也证明了RAPD技术可以作为分子标记,很好地检测猪种群内的遗传变异及区分不同猪种的遗传检测方法。     

中国地方猪种微卫星和血清蛋白基因座的遗传多样性

采用FAO-ISAG联合推荐的27个微卫星DNA标记和8个常用血清蛋白多态性标记对55个中国地方猪品种和3个引入猪品种（杜洛克猪、长白猪、大白猪）进行遗传多样性分析。通过计算基因频率、平均遗传杂合度、多态信息含量，F-统计量、Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验和遗传距离并进行系统聚类分析，评估其种内遗传变异和种间遗传关系。以两种标记的联合聚类结果为基础。将55个中国地方猪种分为9类。探讨了各猪种之间的遗传关系，本研究为我国地方猪品种资源的保护和合理利用提供了科学的依据。     

不同品种猪肌肉组织miR-1和miR-133基因的表达分析

本研究旨在探讨猪miR-1和miR-133基因在不同品种猪肌肉组织中的表达情况。试验以180日龄的蓝塘猪、长白猪以及大花白猪的背最长肌为材料,采用Stem-loop实时定量RT-PCR法检测miR-1和miR-133在长白猪、大花白猪及蓝塘猪背最长肌组织中的表达情况。结果表明,在蓝塘猪中,miR-1的表达量分别为长白猪和大花白猪的4.7和6.4倍,前者与后两者之间表达水平有显著的差异(P<0.05),而后两者之间表达量差异不显著(P>0.05);同样,miR-133在蓝塘猪中的表达量最高,其次为长白猪,两者分别是大花白猪的7.2和5.7倍,且差异显著(P<0.05),但蓝塘猪与长白猪之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。miR-1和miR-133在不同品种猪中存在特异性表达,提示可能与肌肉发育性状相关。     

广东省现有5个地方猪种基于SNP芯片的遗传多样性分析

本研究以广东省现有的5个地方猪品种为对象,利用SNP芯片进行SNP分型,对比欧洲野猪、亚洲野猪以及4个西方商业猪种,对广东省现有地方猪品种的遗传多样性、遗传距离以及群体结构进行分析。结果表明:两广小耳花猪、大花白猪和蓝塘猪的遗传多样性低于西方商业猪种以及粤东黑猪和梅花猪;广东省地方猪与亚洲野猪遗传距离较近,与西方猪种遗传距离较远;作为大花白猪一个类群的梅花猪与大花白猪遗传距离较远,主成分分析以及Structure分析表明梅花猪与大花白猪遗传差异较大,梅花猪具有独特的遗传结构并存在西方猪血液的渗入;粤东黑猪与西方猪种遗传距离较近,粤东黑猪也存在西方猪种血液的渗入。综上所述,两广小耳花猪、大花白猪和蓝塘猪的遗传多样性较低,梅花猪和粤东黑猪存在西方猪种血液的渗入。     

淮南猪品种遗传特异性的AFLP分析

试验利用25对引物对河南省地方品种淮南猪及引入品种杜洛克猪、长白猪、大约克猪4个品种猪进行AFLP分析。电泳检测结果发现,25对引物共检测到317条扩增片段,其中多态性片段79条,占24.92%。多态性统计分析表明,长白猪与大约克猪之间的遗传距离指数为0.0070,遗传关系最近;淮南猪与杜洛克猪、大约克猪遗传距离指数相近,分别为0.0073、0.0075,遗传关系较近;淮南猪与长白猪遗传距离指数为0.0078,遗传关系最远。结果显示,河南省地方品种淮南猪相对于其他引入品种特异性强,具有很高的育种价值,同时也证明了AFLP技术可以很好地检测猪种群内的遗传变异及猪种鉴别。     

中外7个猪种肉质性状相关基因c-FOS多态性研究

为探讨肉质性状候选原癌基因(c-FOS)在国内外不同猪种群体间的遗传变异,本研究以大白猪、杜洛克猪、长白猪、宁乡猪、桃源黑猪、沙子岭猪和大围子猪7个猪种为研究对象,以PCR-RFLP方法检测该基因G2910A位点的遗传变异。结果表明,大白猪、长白猪和杜洛克猪3个外来品种的优势基因型均为BB型,A等位基因是宁乡猪、大围子猪和沙子岭猪3个地方品种的优势等位基因,大围子猪、杜洛克猪和大白猪B是优势等位基因,长白猪全是B等位基因。这与中外不同猪种肉质性状差异较大相一致,本研究为猪肉质性状分子标记辅助选择奠定基础。     

47个亚、欧、美洲野生、地方和培育猪群的AFLP多态性及群体遗传关系研究

采用双色荧光标记技术,检测21个中国地方猪类群、19个欧美商业猪类群、5个亚欧美野猪类群、1个中国培育猪种、1个杜洛克&#215;中国野猪杂种群体总共47个类群基因组DNA池的AFLP多态性,22种引物组合产生312个AFLP多态标记。根据多态标记信息,计算47个类群间的遗传相似系数,并构建UPMGA聚类关系图。结果表明,中国地方猪、中国野猪与欧美商业猪群、欧美野猪间存在明显的遗传分化,提示中国地方猪起源于亚洲野猪,而欧美商业猪种由欧美野猪驯化而来。杜洛克猪、长白猪和大白猪不同类群间的遗传相似性较高,但也存在一定的遗传分化。南昌白猪与大白猪、PIC L95系与太湖猪有着很近的亲缘关系,真实反映了其育成历史。嘉兴黑猪与梅山猪、冠朝猪、藤田花猪、上犹花猪和万安花猪等地方猪群遗传关系的研究结果与其形态学、地理分布和现行分类情况相一致,认为AFLP技术是遗传多样性和群体遗传学研究的一项有效的技术手段。     

北方常见猪品种介绍

猪品种按地理区域进行分类：华北类型有民猪、黄淮海黑猪、里岔黑猪、八眉猪等;华南类型有滇南小耳猪、蓝塘猪、陆川猪等;华中类型有宁乡猪、金华猪、监利猪、大花白猪等;江海类型有著名的太湖猪（梅山、二花脸等的统称）;西南类型有内江猪、荣昌猪等;高原类型有藏猪（阿坝、迪庆、合作藏猪）。北方常见引进品种有长白猪、大约克夏猪和杜洛克猪,常见本地品种有三江白猪、东北民猪和辽宁黑猪。1长白猪长白猪原产于丹麦,世界各地均有分布。     

北方常见猪品种介绍

<正>猪品种按地理区域进行分类:华北类型有民猪、黄淮海黑猪、里岔黑猪、八眉猪等;华南类型有滇南小耳猪、蓝塘猪、陆川猪等;华中类型有宁乡猪、金华猪、监利猪、大花白猪等;江海类型有著名的太湖猪(梅山、二花脸等的统称);西南类型有内江猪、荣昌猪等;高原类型有藏猪(阿坝、迪庆、合作藏猪)。北方常见引进品种有长白猪、大约克夏猪和杜洛克猪,常见本地品种有三江白猪、东北民猪和辽宁黑猪。1长白猪长白猪原产于丹麦,世界各地均有分布。我国已     

苦味酸法检测猪骨骼肌肌酸和肌酐的含量

为测定猪骨骼肌中肌酸和肌酐含量,采用碱性苦味酸法并进行适当改良建立了一个适宜的反应体系。结果:采用pH值12.0磷酸缓冲溶液配制的碱性苦味酸反应液测定肌酐含量所获得标准曲线的线性关系最好,y=0.0218x+0.0228(x:肌酐浓度;y:OD490nm),相关系数R2为0.9978。以此法测定了肌酐和肌酸平均回收率,分别为99.33%和93.38%。蓝塘猪、大花白猪和长白猪背最长肌(n=8)中肌酐含量变异系数为46.4%,6.8%和20.7%,肌酸含量变异系数分别为13.57%,12.70%和19.47%。蓝塘猪背最长肌肌酸含量显著高于大花白和长白猪(P0.05),肌酐含量分别比大花白和长白猪高18.92%(P0.05)和12.82%(P0.05),肌酐和肌酸含量比值显著高于长白猪和大花白猪(P0.05)。由此表明,苦味酸法可用于猪骨骼肌肌酐和肌酸含量测定,蓝塘猪骨骼肌肌酸代谢与大花白猪和长白猪可能存在较大差异。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.