猪瘟病毒广西地方流行株GX-3/98的致病性及其与兔化弱毒株的免疫相关性

从广西南宁某猪场分离1株病毒（GX-3/98）,通过RT-PCR扩增出猪瘟病毒约250 bp的E2基因主要抗原编码区,与猪瘟石门系强毒株及兔化弱毒株核苷酸序列同源性分别为80.6%和81.1%,属于基因Ⅱ群,subgroup 2.1亚型。该毒株经本动物传3代,均不表现典型的猪瘟临床症状。用猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫后,以此分离病毒攻毒,进行免疫保护相关试验,结果免疫组100%（2/2）获得保护,且在攻毒前、后扁桃体HCFA检测均为阴性。对照组（非免疫猪）攻毒后50%（1/2）死亡,另1头猪耐过。扁桃体HCFA检测,于攻毒后1周开始出现阳性结果,且一直持续到猪死亡的第79天。本试验结果初步表明,我国现行使用的猪瘟兔化弱毒苗对目前猪瘟病毒流行毒株仍具有良好的保护力。GX-3/98流行株为1株毒力较低的猪瘟病毒,能够长时间散毒。     

猪瘟野毒混合毒实验室感染的研究

本研究以本所近年来所分离的高、中、低三株不同毒力（HeNXH3.98、JL1.94和FJFQ1.99）的猪瘟野毒混合毒对敏感猪进行实验室感染试验，利用HCFA、RT－PCR及序列测定进行检测和分析，结果2头试验猪均在感染后2周发病死亡，表现典型的猪瘟临床症状；序列测定及分析结果表明感染后1周及2周2头实验感染猪所分离的病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列完全一致，核苷酸及氨基酸同源性均为1005；与感染毒株序列比较，2头试验感染猪所分离的病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列与JL1.94株序列完全一致，核苷酸及 在酸同源性均为100％，且基因分群在同一群；而与HeNXH3.98和FJFQ1.99株序列则有一定的差异，且不在同一基因群或基因亚群，说明在多个猪瘟病毒存在的情况下，敏感猪存在对猪间病毒的优势选择。本试验的条件下3株不同和的猪瘟野毒混合感染以中等毒力毒株JL1.94为优势毒株。     

9株猪瘟分离毒株的致病特性

采用9株临床表现强、中、低致病特点的猪瘟野毒分离株第3代细胞毒作为种毒,按3mL/头剂量分别注射猪瘟抗原及抗体阴性猪,再用上一代传代猪发病后的血毒作为下一代接毒用种毒接种试验猪1头或2头,或上一代传代猪发病后,同圈放入1头或2头试验猪进行同居感染.如此进行,GDGZ1/95、BJCY1/96和JL1/94传至8代;FJFQ1/99传至7代;HeBHH1/95、HeNBY1/96、BJTX3/96、GXBH1/98和HeNXH2/98传至3代.结果显示:上述分离株传至3～5代过程中均表现出毒力增强的趋势,从3～5代传代到8(7)代的过程中毒力进一步增强并保持稳定,且均超过了标准石门强毒株的发病特点.所有试验猪均出现较典型的猪瘟临床症状,解剖后均表现出不同程度的病理变化,死后或解剖后的各种脏器经HCFA检查均为强阳性,这种现象进一步证实了猪是猪瘟病毒的敏感动物,各毒株之间毒力没有明显差异.对其中7株分离株传代血毒部分代次E2基因主要区域进行序列分析,结果仅GDGZ1/95株从F1～F8代中的F6代有2个核苷酸的差异,引起1个相应氨基酸的变异,其余毒株的不同代次没有碱基发生变异,初步说明猪瘟病毒基因型表现相对的稳定性.     

猪瘟病毒流行株与疫苗株主要抗原编码基因差异研究

从全国7个省市1200多份可疑猪瘟病料中分离出9个猪瘟病毒（HCV）野毒株，编号分别为HCV－01－09。将9株野毒分别通过PK15细胞分别通过PK15细胞传6代，测其毒价，并提纯做电镜观察，结果表明：毒价范围在10^2-10^7TCID50，电镜观察均可清晰地见到直径为25－70nm，略呈圆形的病毒颗粒，具有较完整的囊膜和纤突结构。从9株野毒中选取5株经猪瘟阴性猪各传3－4代，测其毒力、病原性、致死性，结果表明：各毒株在传代中其上述生物学特性上有变化和差别。用猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗分别对这5株野毒做免疫保护相关性试验，结果证明：攻毒后的疫苗接种猪100％保护，而攻毒对照猪100％死亡，且对照猪在攻毒1周后便出现猪瘟野毒感染，而免疫猪在整个观察期均未见到野毒感染。用不同剂量的猪瘟兔化弱毒，表明猪瘟兔化弱毒不通过胎盘垂直感染仔猪。将猪瘟野毒株、石门系强毒株、兔化弱毒株及1982年分离的郑州野毒等毒株进行主要抗原编码基因差异研究，结果表明：猪瘟病毒可分2个基因组6个基因亚组，HCV－02、03、06、07等4个野毒株与国内的C株、石门强毒株、国外的C株、日本GPE株、ALD株、意大利Brescia株均属同一基困组，而HCV－08株及郑州株等2个野毒与法国的Alfor株同属另一个基因组。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒ZY-2014株的分离与鉴定

从河南省某规模化猪场的死亡仔猪中分离到1株疑似猪伪狂犬病病毒,命名为ZY-2014株,并对其进行了PCR鉴定、g E基因序列分析、动物感染试验等鉴定。病毒经vero细胞培养可产生典型细胞病变,用Reed-Muench法测定病毒的滴度为107.4TCID50/100μL。分离病毒基因组DNA经过g D、g E、g G、三对特异性检测引物扩增后,均出现伪狂犬病毒特异性目的条带,分别为217 bp、636 bp、1440 bp。测序结果与预期结果相符。将ZY-2014毒株g E基因测序结果与10个新分离毒株、14个经典毒株进行同源性比对分析,其核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列与国内2012年以来新分离毒株的同源性分别为99.6%~100%和99.1%~100%,与2012年以前分离毒株核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别为97.7%~99.6%和95.7%~99.3%。遗传进化树结果显示,所分离的ZY-2014毒株与2012年以来新分离毒株同属一分支,与经典毒株分属不同进化分支。动物攻毒试验中,家兔和小鼠均出现明显的伪狂犬病临床症状。鉴定试验表明,分离株ZY-2014是一株猪伪狂犬变异毒株。     

3种非猪瘟病毒单独或混合感染对猪瘟弱毒疫苗免疫效力的影响

将 2 0头 9月龄左右猪瘟、伪狂犬、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征抗原、抗体阴性猪分成 6组 ,分别利用猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪伪狂犬病毒 (PRV)和猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒 (PRRSV)单独或混合感染。 7d后连同对照猪 4头 ,免疫接种猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗 (HCL V) ,13d后连同 4头阴性对照猪一起攻击猪瘟石门强毒。整个试验期间分别每天测温 ,观察临床症状 ,每周采集扁桃体和血样做各种病毒抗原及抗体检测。结果表明 ,非猪瘟病毒感染 7d后 ,所有各组猪均从体内检测到了相应感染的病原 ,表明 3种非猪瘟病毒感染成功。在攻击猪瘟石门强毒后 2周 ,感染了非猪瘟病毒后接种 HCL V疫苗的 4个免疫组 12头猪除 1头外 ,11头全为猪瘟病毒 (HCV)抗原检测阳性 ,且多呈强阳性 ;而单一 HCL V疫苗免疫组在猪瘟强毒攻击后检测不到 HCV;所有 HCL V疫苗免疫猪均存活 ,而非免疫对照组 4头猪全部在攻毒 16 d内死亡。     

猪瘟E2亚单位疫苗单剂量免疫攻毒保护效力试验

为了评价猪瘟E2亚单位疫苗单剂量免疫效果,本试验在试验猪场用猪瘟E2亚单位疫苗与猪瘟减毒活疫苗分别免疫供试猪,并定期测定猪瘟病毒抗体。饲养至24周龄时,每组随机选取5头运至检验动物房,用猪瘟石门系强毒进行人工感染。根据试验猪攻毒后临床症状、病理剖检和猪瘟抗原、抗体检测结果,比较分析了猪瘟E2亚单位疫苗单剂量免疫保护力。结果显示,对照组的试验猪攻毒后12 d内全部死亡,并表现出典型的猪瘟症状和病理变化;免疫猪全部存活,未见猪瘟症状和肉眼可见的组织器官病变,血样的猪瘟抗原ELISA检测结果均为阴性。结果表明,猪瘟E2亚单位疫苗单剂量免疫1次后,24周仍能为靶动物提供可靠的免疫保护效力,与猪瘟减毒活疫苗2次免疫的保护效力相当。     

古典猪瘟病毒LOM株感染性cDNA克隆的构建及其生物学特性

古典猪瘟病毒(CSFV)引起猪的高度传染性疾病,严重影响全球经济。古典猪瘟病毒LOM株是由1956年从日本宫城分离的低毒株致弱而成。本研究通过RT-PCR获得LOM株基因组的8个DNA片段,用于确定其全基因序列并构建全长cDNA克隆(Flc-LOM)。序列分析结果表明,与亲本序列相比,重组克隆Flc-LOM有8个位点突变,导致2个氨基酸替换。LOM和Flc-LOM的RNA转录本直接感染PK-15细胞,与亲本病毒LOM株相比,拯救的Flc-LOM病毒在细胞中生长缓慢。肌肉注射Flc-LOM安全,且在猪体内有高度的免疫原性,观察35d,无临床症状,无病毒传染给其他动物。接种后14d可检测到猪瘟病毒特异性中和抗体。在CSFV强毒株SW03攻毒后,接种Flc-LOM的猪获得了完全保护。因此,本研究构建的CSFV感染性克隆Flc-LOM可作为猪瘟候选疫苗。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NSP2基因不同变异毒株对仔猪致病性研究

为了评价猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)不同分离毒株致病性差异,选择4株PRRSV分离毒株,即YX0907、BB0907、SY0909(属于NSP2基因亚型Ⅰ,具有30aa缺失特征)和NT0801(属于NSP2基因亚型Ⅱ,其NSP2上不存在缺失)进行动物接种试验。将23头45日龄PRRSV、猪圆环病毒2型和副猪嗜血杆菌阴性健康仔猪随机分为5组,第1～4组各5头猪,分别颈部肌内注射上述4株PRRSV分离株(均为第3代)2×104.32TCID50.(mL.头)-1,第5组3头猪作为空白对照,隔离饲养21d,每天观察临床症状。攻毒后不同时间测定病毒血症,并对死亡猪和第21天处死猪进行病理剖解、观察大体病理变化和组织病理变化。结果显示,BB0907毒株毒力最强,试验猪感染后体温明显升高,临床症状明显,可引起3/5死亡,病猪肺脏组织具有明显病理变化;YX0907毒株毒力较强,试验猪临床症状和病理变化明显,可引起2/5死亡;NT0801毒力较弱,部分试验猪感染后出现1～2d体温升高和轻度临床症状,未引起死亡;SY0909毒株毒力最弱,感染猪出现1～3d体温升高,临床症状不明显,病理变化较轻;而对照猪无临床异常表现和...     

不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征减毒活疫苗在猪体内的动态学及临床免疫效果比较

为了比较国内不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)弱毒疫苗的安全性和有效性,本研究将17头PRRSV抗原和抗体双阴性的28日龄仔猪随机分为4组,TJM-F92株弱毒疫苗组,JXA1-R株弱毒疫苗组,经典株弱毒疫苗(VR2332来源)组和注射生理盐水对照组。免疫后7,14,21,28d分别采血,ELISA抗体检测试剂盒检测PRRSV抗体,结果从免疫后14d起PRRSV抗体开始转阳,但各试验组的抗体水平无明显差异。对免疫后14d所采血样进行病毒分离,TJM-F92株免疫组未分离到PRRSV疫苗毒,JXA1-R株免疫组2头猪分离到PRRSV疫苗毒,经典株免疫组只1头猪分离到PRRSV疫苗毒。免疫后28d,所有猪接种PRRSV强毒株TJ株进行攻毒试验,观察各组猪的体温、临床症状;攻毒后21d,所有猪安乐死,剖检观察肺部病理变化。结果显示,TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株免疫组均未出现临床发病猪,经典株免疫组2头猪出现临床发病,对照组全部临床发病,死亡1头。经典株免疫组临床发病猪出现典型PRRSV感染肺部病理变化,而TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株免疫组均未发现典型PRRSV感染肺部病理变化。本研究证实TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株对高致病性PRRSV的免疫效果优于经典株弱毒疫苗,TJM-F92疫苗株与JXA1-R疫苗株相比,疫苗毒在体内带毒时间更短,安全性更高。     

Immunomodulatory effect of plasmids co-expressing cytokines in classical swine fever virus subunit gp55/E2-DNA vaccination

The aim of this study was to determine the immunomodulatory effects of IL-12, IL-18 and CD154 (CD40 ligand, CD40L) in DNA-vaccination against the classical swine fever virus. Four recombinant plasmids were constructed including the CSFV coding region for the glycoprotein gp55/E2 alone or together with porcine IL-12, IL-18 or CD154 genes. Five groups of four pigs each were immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) three times with the respective constructs. The control group was inoculated with empty plasmid DNA. Eighteen days after the final immunization, the pigs were challenged with a lethal dose of CSFV strain Eystrup and monitored for a further 16 days. This study showed that co-delivery of IL-18 and CD154 induced an earlier appearance of serum antibodies, reduced B-cell deficiency after infection and protected pigs against a lethal CSFV infection. In contrast, co-delivery of IL-12 led to a reduced titer of neutralizing antibodies and protection against a lethal CSFV challenge in comparison to the other pigs and to pigs that were immunized with a gp55/E2 plasmid alone.     

伪狂犬病病毒弱毒株LY株的分离鉴定

从辽阳某猪场的10日龄仔猪中分离到1株病毒,经纯化后测得其毒价为107.29TCID50/mL.细胞中和试验表明,该病毒能被猪伪狂犬病病毒标准阳性血清所中和.电镜下可见到典型的疱疹病毒粒子,具有囊膜及外周纤突.所分离的病毒对氯仿、胰蛋白酶、乙醚敏感,在pH5.0～9.0下稳定,56℃ 30 min可以灭活.应用特异性引物,通过PCR能扩增出伪狂犬病病毒1 240 bp的gD基因.分离病毒对3日龄乳鼠有一定的致病力,但对家兔、3～5日龄仔猪及妊娠母猪都有很高的安全性.用不同剂量的病毒培养液肌肉注射于3～5日龄仔猪,14 d后用105.7TCID50伪狂犬病病毒强毒攻击,所有试验仔猪均可得到有效保护.用分离毒免疫母猪,其后代可获高滴度的母源抗体,15日龄的仔猪能抵抗105.7TCID50强毒的攻击.试验的结果初步说明,所分离的病毒为伪狂犬病病毒(命名为PRV LY株),并可能是一株弱毒株,而且具有很好的免疫保护作用.     

表达猪瘟病毒E2蛋白的重组腺病毒对猪的免疫效力评价

为了进一步验证含有猪瘟病毒E2基因的重组腺病毒（rAdV—E2）在猪体上的免疫效力,将rAdV—E2按108TCID50／头接种猪2次,同时用野生型腺病毒wtAdV作为阴性对照,当抗体上升到一定程度后用致死剂量的猪瘟强毒石门株进行攻击。结果表明,rAdV—E2免疫组（n=5）所有免疫猪在加强免疫后均产生了猪瘟特异性中和抗体,并于加强免疫后3w达到峰值,攻毒后所有猪只抗体迅速升高,除了一头猪短期体温升高外,未出现任何其它临床症状;而野生型腺病毒wtAdV免疫组（n=5）猪只在攻毒前一直没有检出特异性抗体,攻毒后全部出现典型的猪瘟临床症状和严重的病毒血症,剖检时可见典型猪瘟病理变化。这表明构建的猪瘟病毒E2基因重组腺病毒rAdV—E2免疫猪后产生了很好的免疫效果,有望成为具有开发价值的活载体疫苗。     

Duration of the protection of an E2 subunit marker vaccine against classical swine fever after a single vaccination

The period during which pigs are protected after vaccination is important for the successful usage of a marker vaccine against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in an eradication programme. In four animal experiments with different vaccination-challenge intervals we determined the duration of protection of an E2 subunit marker vaccine in pigs after a single vaccination. Unvaccinated pigs were included in each group to detect transmission of the challenge virus.Three groups of six pigs were vaccinated once and subsequently inoculated with the virulent CSFV strain Brescia after a vaccination-challenge interval of 3, 51/2, 6 or 13 months. All vaccinated pigs, 16 out of 18, with neutralising antibodies against CSFV at the moment of challenge, 3, 51/2, 6 or 13 months later, survived, whereas unvaccinated control pigs died from acute CSF or were killed being moribund. A proportion of the vaccinated pigs did however develop fever or cytopenia after challenge and two vaccinated pigs were viremic after challenge. Virus transmission of vaccinated and challenged pigs to unvaccinated sentinel pigs did not occur in groups of pigs which were challenged 3 or 6 months after a single vaccination. Two out of eight vaccinated pigs that were found negative for CSFV neutralising antibody at 13 months after vaccination died after subsequent challenge.The findings in this study demonstrate that pigs can be protected against a lethal challenge of CSFV for up to 13 months after a single vaccination with an E2 subunit marker vaccine.     

Isolation and Identification of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus ZJ Strain and Research of its Immunogenicity

The material from the clinical samples of cerebrum and spleen in the pigs characterized by pseudorabies, proved to be porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) positive samples through the amplification of gE gene of PRV, was inoculated into the BHK-21 cells and serially passaged 4 times. The isolate could induce typical cytopathogenic effect in cells and the titer of the fourth passage was 10^7.0 TCID_50/mL. Identification was done by PCR method and four rabbits were injected with the fourth generation cell cultures of the isolate, and the specific band could be amplified and the typical clinical syndrome could be observed. It was indicated that the isolated virus named ZJ strain was PRV. The virulent PRV ZJ strain was killed with formalin and used as vaccine antigen with oil adjuvant. The rabbits were injected with 1 mL vaccine, 28 days after inoculation, serum antibodies were detected and healthy rabbits were challenged by PRV ZJ virulent strain, and the protection rate and serum neutralization index of antibodies were tested. The results showed that protection rate and serum neutralization index in rabbits were 100% and 13490,respectively.This study showed that PRV ZJ strain had good immunogenicity, and provided a basis for further research on vaccination of PRV.     

Development of a classical swine fever subunit marker vaccine and companion diagnostic test

The development of a classical swine fever (CSF) subunit marker vaccine, based on viral envelope glycoprotein E2, and a companion diagnostic test, based on a second viral envelope glycoprotein E(RNS), will be described. Important properties of the vaccine, such as onset and duration of immunity, and prevention of horizontal and vertical transmission of virus were evaluated. A single dose of the vaccine protected pigs against clinical signs of CSF, following intranasal challenge with 100LD(50) of virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) at 2 weeks after vaccination. However, challenge virus transmission to unvaccinated sentinels was not always completely inhibited at this time point. From 3 weeks up to 6 months after vaccination, pigs were protected against clinical signs of CSF, and no longer transmitted challenge virus to unvaccinated sentinels. In contrast, unvaccinated control pigs died within 2 weeks after challenge. We also evaluated transmission of challenge virus in a setup enabling determination of the reproduction ratio (R value) of the virus. In such an experiment, transmission of challenge virus is determined in a fully vaccinated population at different time points after vaccination. Pigs challenged at 1 week after immunization died of CSF, whereas the vaccinated sentinels became infected, seroconverted for E(RNS) antibodies, but survived. At 2 weeks after vaccination, the challenged pigs seroconverted for E(RNS) antibodies, but none of the vaccinated sentinels did. Thus, at 1 week after vaccination, R1, and at 2 weeks, R=0, implying no control or control of an outbreak, respectively. Vertical transmission of CSFV to the immune-incompetent fetus may lead to the birth of highly viraemic, persistently infected piglets which are one of the major sources of virus spread. Protection against transplacental transmission of CSFV in vaccinated sows was, therefore, tested in once and twice vaccinated sows. Only one out of nine once-vaccinated sows transmitted challenge virus to the fetus, whereas none of the nine twice-vaccinated sows did. Finally, our data show that the E(RNS) test detects CSFV-specific antibodies in vaccinated or unvaccinated pigs as early as 14 days after infection with a virulent CSF strain. This indicates that the E2 vaccine and companion test fully comply with the marker vaccine concept. This concept implies the possibility of detecting infected animals within a vaccinated population.     

Yeast-expressed classical swine fever virus glycoprotein E2 induces a protective immune response

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important swine disease worldwide. The glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a viral antigen that can induce a protective immune response against CSF. A recombinant E2 protein was constructed using the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system and evaluated for its vaccine efficacy. The yeast-expressed E2 (yE2) was shown to have N-linked glycosylation and to form homodimer molecules. Four 6-week-old specified-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets were intramuscularly immunized with yE2 twice at 3-week intervals. All yE2-vaccinated pigs could mount an anamnestic response after booster vaccination with neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 1:96 to 1:768. Neutralizing antibody titers at 10 weeks post booster vaccination ranged from 1:16 to 1:64. At this time, the pigs were subjected to challenge infection with a dose of 1 × 10⁵ TCID₅₀ (50% tissue culture infective dose) virulent CSFV strain. At 1 week post challenge infection, all of the yE2-immunized pigs were alive and without symptoms or signs of CSF. Neutralizing antibody titers at this time ranged from 1:4,800 to 1:12,800 and even to 1:51,200 one week later. In contrast, the control pigs continuously exhibited signs of CSF and had to be euthanized because of severe clinical symptoms at 6 days post challenge infection. All of the yE2-vaccinated pigs were E^rns antibody negative and had seroconverted against E^rns by post challenge day 11, suggesting that yE2 is a potential DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine. The yeast-expressed E2 protein retains correct immunogenicity and is able to induce a protective immune response against CSFV infection.     

Limited BVDV transmission and full protection against CSFV transmission in pigs experimentally infected with BVDV type 1b

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in pigs may interfere with the detection and epidemiology of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). To investigate the importance of BVDV infections in pigs, first we studied the transmission dynamics of a recent BVDV field isolate. Subsequently, the protection of BVD antibodies against transmission and clinical disease of CSF virus was studied. Only limited transmission of BVDV occurred (R = 0.20), while no CSFV transmission occurred in pigs with BVDV antibodies. We concluded that BVDV transmission among pigs is possible, but seems to be limited and thus the virus should disappear from a population if no new introductions occur. Furthermore, the presence of BVD antibodies may completely prevent the transmission of CSFV and therefore could protect pigs against classical swine fever. It was also noticed that double infections with BVDV and CSFV were incorrectly diagnosed using the neutralization peroxidase linked assay (NPLA), which is the golden standard for antibody detection. This might hamper the diagnosis of CSF in herds with a high BVD prevalence.     

Generation and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (CSF), which causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The E2 glycoprotein of CSFV is the main target for neutralizing antibodies. This study was aimed to develop a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 expressing the CSFV E2 gene (rAdV-E2) and evaluate its efficacy in rabbits and pigs. The results showed that the rabbits and the pigs immunized with the rAdV-E2 developed high-level CSFV-specific neutralizing antibodies. The rAdV-E2-immunized rabbits were protected from fever induced by infection with C-strain, which is pathogenic to the rabbit, and the rAdV-E2-immunized pigs were protected from lethal challenge with highly virulent Shimen strain. This indicates that the recombinant adenovirus can be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing CSF.