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1.
《中国畜牧兽医》2006,33(5):F0003-F0003
反刍动物营养研究室成立于1993年,建立了分子生物学实验室、瘤胃微生物实验室、细胞培养实验室、生理生化实验室、畜产品品质和饲料营养价值评定实验室。“十五”期间研究建立了瘤胃微生物定量法,实现了目标瘤胃微生物定量调控;建立了牛奶中微量脂肪酸(CLA)批量检测方法,研发了提高牛奶天然CLA含量的成套技术。  相似文献   

2.
随着对瘤胃微生物研究的逐步深入,一些以分子生物学技术为基础的定量分析方法对瘤胃微生物的研究方兴未艾。本文简要介绍了实时定量PCR技术的原理、操作程序以及该技术在反刍动物瘤胃微生物定量分析中的应用现状、取得的成果和前景展望。  相似文献   

3.
瘤胃微生物定量方法研究进展   总被引:2,自引:5,他引:2  
瘤胃微生物的定量有传统计数和现代分子定量2大类方法。其中,传统方法包括经典的亨氏滚管法和最大可能法,但它们测定瘤胃微生物总数的结果可能偏低。运用分子方法定量一些重要的微生物不仅能很好地解释它们在瘤胃代谢中的作用,而且有助于描述更多的微生物特性。因此,作者综述了瘤胃微生物定量方法的发展历程及研究进展,重点描述了运用分子定量方法的研究情况。  相似文献   

4.
瘤胃能氮同步释放对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
瘤胃微生物蛋白质(microbial protein,MCP)是反刍动物小肠可吸收蛋白质(Pro)的主要来源,而优化瘤胃发酵调控,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白质的合成一直是反刍动物营养研究的热点问题。近年来,关于瘤胃能氮同步释放优化瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成方面的研究引起了关注,因此,作者主要从瘤胃能氮同步释放的概念、瘤胃能氮同步释放的评价方法和瘤胃能氮同步释放对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成影响方面的研究作一简要评述。  相似文献   

5.
为了提高反刍动物利用瘤胃微生物的效率,微生物学家和动物营养学家都致力于瘤胃微生物的培养分离纯化和生理生化特性研究.但是由于瘤胃微生物大多是厌氧性的,很难培养成功,传统技术在瘤胃微生物的研究上受到很多限制.随着科学技术的进步,现代分子技术也开始逐渐渗透到瘤胃微生物的研究中来.文章将瘤胃微生物多样性研究的方法简要划分为纯培养技术,现代分子生物学技术和上述两种方法的联合使用,并重点阐述了不同方法的优缺点,展望了瘤胃微生物多样性研究方法的发展前景.  相似文献   

6.
祁茹  林英庭 《中国奶牛》2011,(10):21-23
瘤胃微生物作为一个完整的生态系统,受日粮成分、饲养方式、季节等诸多因素的影响,认识瘤胃微生物的功能及其活动规律复杂而困难。瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法有亨氏滚管法和最大或然数计数法,二者有着各自的优缺点。本文综述了瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法的应用状况及各自的优缺点。  相似文献   

7.
瘤胃微生物生态研究方法主要经历了微生物纯培养、混合培养、微生物分子生物学技术[(从瘤胃中提取DNA,进行PCR-16S rDNA(rRNA)技术]、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术),在不同程度上揭示了瘤胃微生物群落丰富的多样性和生态功能.但由于各种方法本身的局限性,限制了人类对瘤胃微生物的全面了解,现代生物技术和传统微生物研究方法的配合将为瘤胃微生物生态研究提供较好的前景.  相似文献   

8.
日粮精粗比对瘤胃微生物合成效率的影响   总被引:29,自引:2,他引:27  
本文用瘤胃持续模拟装置研究了精粗比为7:3、1:1和3:7时对日粮有机物、中洗纤维和酸洗纤维的降解、蛋白质的转化和微生物合成效率的影响。结果表明,精粗比不影响瘤胃微生物对可发酵能的利用效率(P〉0.05),但是显著影响瘤胃微生物对可降解氮的利用效率(P〈0.05);最后探讨了瘤胃内可降解氮和可发酵能与微生物氮合成量之间的定量模型。  相似文献   

9.
16SrRNA/rDNA序列分析在瘤胃微生物区系研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
随着rRNA为主的分子生物学技术在瘤胃微生态研究中的不断应用与发展,动物瘤胃内环境微生物区系研究进入了一个新阶段,为动物营养学研究技术的发展提供了新的可靠的方法和手段。笔者综述了rRNA/rDNA序列分析技术应用于瘤胃微生物区系研究中的理论依据,以及该项技术在瘤胃微生物区系分析中的应用现状和前景。  相似文献   

10.
在反刍动物的瘤胃内存在着复杂、多样、非致病的各种微生物,包括瘤胃原虫、瘤胃细菌和厌氧真菌,还有少数噬菌体。从1843年Gubry和Delaford在反刍动物瘤胃内发现微生物起,到20世纪初,由于受到研究条件和技术的局限性,许多研究工作者主要对微生物的形态分类进行研究(Hungate,1966)。20世纪70年代以来,电子显微镜在微生物研究领域的应用使得人们对瘤胃微生物的研究除了可以进行形态观察外,还可对其生长所需的营养要求、环境条件和生长特性进行深入的研究。  相似文献   

11.
减少瘤胃甲烷排放措施的研究已成为当前的研究热点之一。本研究以酒、面包和畜禽专用酿酒酵母产品为原材料,从中分离到三株酵母菌,将其制成冻干粉,通过体外产气试验,筛选出了一株抑制瘤胃甲烷排放效果最为显著的酵母菌株。然后以该酵母菌株作为研究对象,进行分子生物学鉴定;采用分光光度计比浊法测定该酵母菌株的生长曲线,确定菌体生长规律;并以此为依据,设计单因素试验考察该酵母菌株最适宜的生长条件。结果表明,分离得到的酵母菌株均为酿酒酵母saccharomyces cerevisiae;抑制瘤胃体外甲烷排放效果最显著的1株酵母菌分离自面包中;该酿酒酵母菌株的对数生长期为8~24h,其最佳培养条件为:生长温度30℃,pH 5.5,培养基中葡萄糖的浓度4.0%。  相似文献   

12.
Characteristically the metabolism of microbial nitrogen (N) compounds in ruminants involves the degradation of dietary N and synthesis of microbial protein (MP), compounds including a small amount of peptides and free amino acids, which may account for 75–85% of total N and the remainder are nucleic acids (NA: DNA and RNA). Generally rumen microbes contain 10–25% NA‐N of the total N while 70–80% is in the form of RNA. This paper describes the degradation and synthesis of NA in the rumen and their fate in the lower digestive tracts. Their physiological and nutritional significance in different types of ruminant animals is also discussed. The research works on NA metabolism in ruminants has been mainly on metabolism of purines after rumen microbial digestion and absorption in the lower gut. Subsequently, the fate of absorbed purines has been intensively investigated to assess the extent of MP synthesis in the rumen. The method for predicting ruminal synthesized MP and subsequently digested MP has been proposed using urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in sheep and cattle fed on ordinary feed. The latter approach has now been adopted for calculation of protein supply in some feeding standards, although there are still difficulties in predicting representative samples of rumen microbes, and also uncertainties in variations of non‐renal and endogenous purine losses.  相似文献   

13.
反刍动物过瘤胃淀粉研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
过瘤胃淀粉是高产反刍动物葡萄糖的重要来源之一。本文阐述了过瘤胃淀粉在反刍动物营养中的作用,以及提高饲料过瘤胃淀粉比例的处理方法,并根据近年来的应用研究状况,提出了过瘤胃淀粉在应用中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。  相似文献   

14.
A method was developed for studying local differences in ruminal fermentation. The developed sampler consisted of an acrylic glass container (460 cm3) with an aperture for digesta sampling, which could be opened and closed by the scaled "T" rod. The scale was a reference for defined rumen layers: top, middle, 5 to 10 cm and 25 to 35 cm beneath the top of particles mat, respectively, and bottom 5 to 10 cm above the rumen floor. The repeatability of the method was proved in two rumen cannulated cows. Particle/fluid ratio, pH and sample amount were measured 2 to 2 1/2 h after morning feeding in four replicates each day (over 5 days), rumen layer and animal. No significant differences between replicates were observed. The coefficients of variation (CV) of the particle/fluid ratio varied between 8.7% and 13.6%. Top layer had higher CV than middle and bottom layer. CV of pH ranged between 0.59% and 1.27%. The developed method of sampling showed satisfactory repeatability for investigation of digesta properties and fermentation in different rumen layers.  相似文献   

15.
本试验采用体外产气法,以牦牛作为瘤胃液供体,混合天然牧草为发酵底物,添加不同水平的菜籽油,测定体外培养48 h后,各试验组的相关瘤胃发酵参数,研究不同添加水平的菜籽油对放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵的影响。结果表明,培养48 h后,各试验组发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度和纤毛虫数量差异均不显著(P>0.05),表明适量添加菜籽油对牦牛瘤胃发酵无显著影响;从产气量上看,添加7%菜籽油时,瘤胃累积产气开始下降,添加量为9%时,菜籽油对瘤胃累积产气具有抑制作用,因此建议菜籽油的添加量不宜超过日粮的7%。  相似文献   

16.
瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲粮消化和吸收中起着重要的作用,深入探索瘤胃微生物群落结构、代谢活动和功能作用,对反刍动物健康和促进饲草利用效率具有重要意义。相对传统瘤胃微生物纯培养方法,组学技术能够更加全面对瘤胃微生物种类、代谢途径、功能进行解释,宏组学联用为系统理解瘤胃微生物降解纤维物质分子机理提供新方式,并受到研究人员越来越多的关注。本文总结了宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学与代谢组学在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用,并围绕宏组学技术联合应用进行综述,为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供理论支持。  相似文献   

17.
不同日粮养分在绵羊体内消化量的研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
用装有永久性瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管羊测定蛋白质含量为 13 63 %、14 67%和 16 96%三个水平日粮在胃肠道各部位的食糜流通量和消失率。结果表明 :蛋白质含量多的日粮消化率高。瘤胃中干物质消化量比小肠高  相似文献   

18.
In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting).  相似文献   

19.
为测定不同比例羊草与青贮饲料(分别为100:0,0:100,20:80,70:30,60:40,50:50)在奶牛瘤胃内干物质降解率,本试验以3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法对各配比组干物质降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同配比组其干物质瘤胃降解率分别为32.66%,37.65%,38.05%,34.06%,39.38%,39.44%。说明当羊草与青贮配比50:50~60:40时,干物质降解率高于其他各组。  相似文献   

20.
A method is proposed to determine the extent of degradation in the rumen involving a two-stage mathematical modeling process. In the first stage, a statistical model shifts (or maps) the gas accumulation profile obtained using a fecal inoculum to a ruminal gas profile. Then, a kinetic model determines the extent of degradation in the rumen from the shifted profile. The kinetic model is presented as a generalized mathematical function, allowing any one of a number of alternative equation forms to be selected. This method might allow the gas production technique to become an approach for determining extent of degradation in the rumen, decreasing the need for surgically modified animals while still maintaining the link with the animal. Further research is needed before the proposed methodology can be used as a standard method across a range of feeds.  相似文献   

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