不同禽源贝氏隐孢子虫分离株对鹌鹑致病性的比较研究

本研究旨在观察不同禽源贝氏隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium baileyi)对鹌鹑的致病性差异。采用光镜、扫描电镜等技术研究了鸡源、鸭源、鹌鹑源、白文鸟源、鸵鸟源贝氏隐孢子虫分离株对10日龄鹌鹑的致病性。结果表明,感染鹌鹑均出现腹泻和呼吸道症状,排卵囊持续期11~18 d,虫体寄生于喉头、气管、法氏囊和泄殖腔。其中鸭源C.baileyi感染组鹌鹑发病率和死亡率分别为82.5%、25%,鸡源C.baileyi(郑州株)感染组发病率和死亡率分别为77.5%、12.5%,鹌鹑源C.baileyi感染组发病率、死亡率分别为37.5%和17.5%。本研究结果提示,不同禽源C.baileyi对鹌鹑有一定致病性,其致病性强弱存在差异。     

贝氏隐孢子虫对樱桃谷鸭的致病性试验

隐孢子虫病是一种全球性的人畜共患原虫病；禽类隐孢子虫发现于鸡、火鸡、鹌鹑、鹅、孔雀等，有关鸭隐孢子虫病的报道较少，特别是不同剂量感染的致病性差异未见报道，本试验采用鸭源贝氏隐孢子虫卵囊，雏鸡传代后，经口感染2日龄樱桃谷鸭，通过临床症状观察和病理变化观察，旨在探讨河南省鸭源贝氏隐孢子虫的致病性及不同剂量的卵囊接种后所引起的临床症状和病理变化的差异。     

禽隐孢子虫病的诊断与防治

<正>隐孢子虫病是家禽、鸟类最常见的寄生虫病之一,隐孢子虫的宿主多达30余种,目前,隐孢子虫种已达20余种,寄生于禽类的隐孢子虫有3个虫种,即火鸡隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidiummeleagridis)、贝氏隐孢子虫(C.baileyi)和鸡隐孢子虫(C.galli)。我国发现的禽隐孢子虫有2种包括贝氏隐孢子虫(C.baileyi)和火鸡隐孢子虫,主要引起呼吸系统、消化系统疾病,导致产蛋率下降或鸡只死亡,当与其他传染病,免疫抑制性共同感染时,会造成更为严重的经济损失。     

固始鸡源隐孢子虫人工感染试验

为了解来源于地方鸡品种的隐孢子虫分离株致病特点,对收集到的河南固始鸡源隐孢子虫经鹌鹑传代纯化后,进行动物感染。结果:固始鸡源隐孢子虫分离株无论在正常还是免疫抑制情况下均不能感染小鼠,但能成功感染海兰雏鸡,出现明显的呼吸道症状及法氏囊病变。剖检发现虫体主要寄生在法氏囊、气管和泄殖腔等部位。根据卵囊形态学及寄生部位等特点,本试验分离的隐孢子虫种类鉴定为贝氏隐孢子虫(Crypto-sporidium baileyi)。增大感染剂量,可使雏鸡排卵囊高峰期提前,排卵囊量增大,持续期延长;免疫抑制剂的使用也可使高峰期提前,持续期延长,但会造成试验动物死亡率增高。雏鸡临床症状、剖检病变和增重减少均与感染剂量呈正相关,免疫抑制剂的使用会加重此影响。     

2株贝氏隐孢子虫鸡源分离株对雏鸡的致病性比较

为了解不同地区鸡源贝氏隐孢子虫的致病特点,对收集到的郑州、林州两地区鸡源贝氏隐孢子虫卵囊经雏鸡传代扩增纯化后,分别以1×106个卵囊量接种3日龄罗曼公雏鸡,从其排卵囊情况、临床症状和病理学变化比较了2个分离株的致病情况。结果表明:2个隐孢子虫分离株均主要引起雏鸡呼吸道症状和法氏囊炎病变;接种雏鸡均于感染后第4天开始排卵囊,林州株和郑州株排卵囊持续期分别为23 d和13 d;排卵囊高峰期均为感染后第8~12天。雏鸡感染2个地区鸡源贝氏隐孢子虫分离株后,排卵囊量及排卵囊规律存在差异。     

鸭源贝氏隐孢子虫对鸡的致病性

设计3个不同剂量的鸭源隐孢子虫试验感染2日龄雏鸡,通过临床症状、增重、排卵囊规律和法氏囊指数及寄生器官组织扫描电镜观察,证实贝氏隐孢子虫160万个卵囊感染即可引起明显的呼吸道症状,发病鸡增重显著降低,法氏囊严重萎缩。贝氏隐孢子虫致病程度和排卵囊规律与感染剂量相关,主要病变表现呼吸道病变和法氏囊炎症。     

禽隐孢子虫病及其公共安全

禽隐孢子虫病是由火鸡隐孢子虫和贝氏隐孢子虫所引起的一种原虫病,主要的宿主为火鸡、鸡、孔雀等,是引起火鸡、鸡、鹌鹑因患呼吸系统和肠道疾病而死亡的重要病原.从目前研究报道来看,火鸡隐孢子虫和贝氏隐孢子虫均可引起人畜共患,因此其更被关注.基于上述情况,对感染禽隐孢子虫的种类、临床症状和诊治等作一概述.     

禽隐孢子虫病研究概况

禽隐孢子虫病是由火鸡隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium meleagridis)和贝氏隐孢子虫(C、baileyi)引起的以消化道和呼吸道症状为主的禽类寄生原虫病。自1929年Tyzzer首次报道在鸡的盲肠上皮细胞上发现隐孢子虫以未,有关学者对禽隐孢子虫病的病原学、流行病学、临床病理学、诊断学等方面做了大量研究,取得了一定的成就。本文就禽隐孢子虫病的研究概况,作一综述。     

河南省规模化鸡场隐孢子虫感染情况调查

隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium）是一种引起人兽共患病的机会性原虫,能感染包括人在内的240多种动物,引起动物机体不同程度的消化道和呼吸道症状。目前已鉴定出16个有效种,40多个基因型。感染禽类的隐孢子虫主要有3个种：贝氏隐孢子虫（C.baileyi）、火鸡隐孢子虫（C．meleagridis）和鸡隐孢子虫（C．galli）。其中C．baileyi为感染鸡的优势虫种,主要寄生在鸡的喉头、气管、法氏囊、泄殖腔等部位;C．meleagridis主要寄生于小肠,属于人兽共患病原;     

河南地区鸭隐孢子虫病流行病学调查

隐孢子虫病是重要的人兽共患原虫病,广泛分布于世界各地.隐孢子虫(Crptosporidium)宿主种类广泛,可以寄生于240多种动物,隐孢子虫有效种目前已达到16个,另有40多个基因型.其中已确定的禽类有效种有3个,即贝氏隐孢子虫(C.baileyi)、火鸡隐孢子虫(C.meleagridis)和鸡隐孢子虫(C.galli),还可能存在新的有效种和基因型,至少存在有2个未命名种(分别寄生于鹌鹑和鸵鸟[1])和3个新基因型(从黑鸭分离到的鸭基因型和加拿大鹅分离到的两个鹅基因型)[2].……     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.