天然岩洞栽培天麻试验

本文利用天然岩洞采皮地面堆栽，袋栽，瓶栽等立体形式对天麻进行有性繁殖和天麻有性原种无性栽培及天麻稳产、高产与密环菌的群体关系进行了一系列的探索实践，均取得了满意效果。     

天麻头风灵胶囊的质量标准研究

本实验对天麻头风灵胶囊的质量标准进行研究。含量测定方法：采用奥泰公司C18色谱柱(220mm×4.6mm,5μm),甲醇-水-36%乙酸(30：67：3)为流动相,检测波长为322nm,流速为1.0ml/min,柱温为30℃;鉴别方法：CMC-Na-G板,以醋酸乙酯原丙酮原甲酸原水(5：5：1：1)为展开剂,置紫外光灯(365nm)下观察荧光灯斑点。结论：本法简便、准确,可作为天麻头风灵胶囊的质量标准。     

洋槐蜜天麻蜜饯的工艺研究和保质期预测

该研究以云南昭通地区的小草坝乌天麻为原料、洋槐蜂蜜为配料，以感官评分为指标，探究不同漂烫温度、漂烫时间、硬化时间、渗糖浓度对蜜饯品质的影响；并在37℃和47℃条件下，以时间、感官评分、菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌、水分、总糖、总酸含量预测产品的保质期。结果显示，当漂烫温度为85℃、漂烫时间为15 min、硬化时间为2 h、三次渗糖浓度为25%、30%、35%时，产品品质最好。在加速破坏性实验中，当保存温度为37℃和47℃时，产品的预测保质期分别为102 d和78 d，经过模型验证该蜜饯在常温条件下保质期为227 d。该研究为天麻的精深加工提供了理论依据。     

药用植物天麻炮制研究现状及存在问题

天麻为多年生共生植物,是一味常用而较名贵的中药。虽然历代医方本草对其功用和炮制方法的记载很多,但其文献比较分散。对药用植物天麻的炮制规范情况以及研究中存在的检验依据不完整、检验标准落后、饮片质量参差不齐等问题进行了综述,以期为天麻的规范化炮制提供依据和参考。     

天麻蜜环菌沙箱同步栽培法

常规方法栽培天麻必须提前2～3个月培育出一定数量的木椴蜜环菌(简称菌材),其生产工艺为:蜜环菌母种-原种-栽培种-菌材.待菌材培育成熟后,才能和菌材相同大小的新鲜木椴及枝椴一起与天麻种伴栽,即播种天麻.由于蜜环菌和天麻种的播种期不能同步,因而增加了天麻栽培的难度,"天麻蜜环菌沙箱同步播种栽培法"解决了这些问题.     

桑柞树下种天麻

近几年来为了提高经济效益,在搞好养蚕制种的前题下,充分发挥我场职工有栽天麻丰富经验,开展了在桑柞树下栽种天麻的试验,获得了良好的生产成绩和可喜的经济效益.自1981年栽种天麻种896斤,收获天麻3334斤后;1982年又栽种天麻种1039.7斤,收获天麻6555斤;1983年栽种天麻种2788.1斤,收获7400斤.天麻的丰收,很快改变了我场以养蚕制种为主的单一经济来源,对充分发挥桑柞园的综合种植、提高职     

天麻有性繁殖成功率低的原因

天麻是名贵中药材,栽培面积逐年扩大,由于无性繁殖品种退化,产量低而不稳,品质下降,影响了商品出口.目前大多采用有性杂交繁殖麻种来解决品种退化减产问题,但由于技术不精通,选种麻不严格,育种良莠不齐,管理粗糙等问题,成功者很少,浪费了大批商品剑麻,使市场商品严重短缺(带剑不论大小全作种麻母,商品只能收到很少作种后的空皮麻),形成了越发展产品越少,市场价格越来越高的不正常现象,失败者投资大而收获甚微,因而挫伤了生产天麻的积极性.分析造成上述问题的原因有以下几点.     

天麻散治马胃寒腹痛案例

胃寒腹痛是气候变化异常，突然变换饲料，使役过度，外感风寒，空腹饮冷水或食冰冻草料而内伤阴冷致消化机能受阻、寒凝气滞的一种疾病。有原发和继发、急性和慢性之分。原发性、急性发作无明显季节性，治疗不及时可导致死亡。原发性、慢性发作多在深秋或初春之时，发生在体质衰弱久食霜冻草料或过饮寒冷凉水的马属动物。临床上多见原发性、慢性病例，而继发性、急性病不多见。笔者在2003年3月下旬在气候寒冷、多雪的脑山地区，互助县南门峡乡兽医站带队实习期间，遇一继发性、急性胃寒腹痛病例。在急性腹痛危急症状解除后近1周，病畜不食，精神沉郁，常规治疗效果不显著，改用天麻散加减结合西药疗法治愈此症，现介绍如下：     

加味天麻散治疗肠麻痹有良效

肠麻痹是一种马属动物常见病之一 ,多由于结症继发 ,如不及时治疗 ,可导致病畜死亡。而天麻散是治疗外感风寒的良方 ,笔者用加味天麻散治疗肠麻痹 2 0多例 ,均收到良效。1　药方组成天麻 2 5ｇ ,荆芥 2 5ｇ ,防风 2 5ｇ ,柴胡 2 5ｇ ,薄荷 2 0ｇ ,当归 30ｇ ,白芷 2 5ｇ ,陈皮 2 5ｇ ,青皮 2 5ｇ ,苍术 2 5ｇ ,厚朴2 5ｇ ,川芎 2 0ｇ ,槟榔 10ｇ ,泽黄 2 0ｇ ,山楂 35ｇ ,麦芽 35ｇ ,神曲 35ｇ。2　治疗北山乡永进村李某某饲养的一匹种马 ,前来我站诊治 ,畜主说其马发病已 5ｄ ,开始 2ｄ ,起卧打滚 ,按结症治疗后 ,起卧打滚停止 ,但还是不吃…     

多指标综合评价天麻炮制工艺的研究

为了研究并优化天麻药材的最佳炮制工艺,试验以天麻素、天麻多糖和天麻醇溶性浸出物含量为指标,用正交试验设计综合评分,对软化方法、切制薄片厚度和干燥方法进行考察。结果表明:天麻最佳炮制工艺为润蒸后切成薄片,80℃烘干。     

Effects of parent Shamo cocks on the histochemical properties of M. iliotibialis lateralis and M. supracoracoideus on their crossbred broilers

1. Four Shamo (a Japanese game bird) cocks showing different characteristics in the histochemical properties of M. iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) were crossed with White Rock hens to produce male and female crossbred broilers of the 4 lines (90 d of age). Normal broilers (56 d) were used, for comparison. 2. Histochemical properties of ITL and M. supracoracoideus (SC) were compared among the crossbred lines and normal broilers. Myofibres were divided into Types II R, II I and II W showing high, moderate and low reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH-DH) activities, respectively. 3. In the ITL of the crossbred cockerels, the percentage of Type II R and II I fibres decreased and conversely Type II W increased in comparison to those in the Shamo. 4. Sex differences of the histochemical properties were recognised only in the ITL of the crossbred, in which the percentage of Type II R fibres was greater in the male. 5. The different characteristics of the parent Shamo cocks were reproduced only in the different fibre type composition of the ITL muscle in the crossbred cockerels. 6. The histochemical features of fibre type seemed to develop with bird age, particularly subsarcolemmal accumulation of formazan granules (indicating high NADH-DH activity) in Type IIR fibres. 7. Breed, line, sex and age differences in the histochemical properties were demonstrated clearly in ITL but not in SC.     

日粮中C3、C4 植物含量对牛肉品质和主要化学成分的影响

 为探讨C₃和C₄ 植物在日粮中的含量对牛肉品质和主要化学成分的影响,本试验选用大豆粕、小麦麸、小麦、棉籽饼、苜蓿干草作为C₃植物试验材料,选用黄贮玉米秸、玉米酒精糟、玉米作为C₄ 植物试验材料,选用36头西门塔尔杂种公牛作为试验动物开展了肥育和屠宰试验。结果表明,日粮中C₄ 植物含量对肥育牛增重、牛肉的脂肪酸、氨基酸（其中甘氨酸不确定除外）、水分含量以及牛肉的剪切力、蒸煮损失率、滴水损失率、大理石花纹评分和眼肌面积均没有显著的影响。日粮中C₃ 植物含量对肥育牛增重、牛肉的脂肪酸（其中十七烷酸不确定除外）、氨基酸（其中丝氨酸和苏氨酸不确定除外）、水分含量以及牛肉的剪切力、蒸煮损失率、大理石花纹评分和眼肌面积也均没有显著的影响。     

Crossbreeding among British and continental European dual-purpose breeds in the coastal Pacific Northwest

From 1979 through 1987, British breed and crossbred cows were mated to Simmental, Pinzgauer or Tarentaise bulls or to Hereford-Angus crossbred bulls. Beginning in 1982, continental European crossbred females also entered the herd, to be mated for first calving to Hereford-Angus or Angus bulls and as cows to continental European or Hereford-Angus bulls. In progeny of British breed and crossbred cows, dam breed effects on birth and weaning weight were not important, but continental European crossbred calves were heavier than British crossbred contemporaries at birth and weaning. Pinzgauer- and Simmental-sired calves were heavier at birth than Tarentaise crosses, but calves sired by each of the continental breeds had similar weaning weights. Maternal heterosis was greater than direct heterosis effects on weaning weight (8% vs 5%), but only direct heterosis (13%) influenced birth weight. Within progeny of continental European crossbred cows, calves with a Tarentaise maternal grandsire were lighter at birth, with no significant difference among other maternal grandsire breeds. Maternal breed effects on weaning weight were not significant. Nevertheless, in contemporary years, continental European crossbred cows reared calves that were 10% heavier than calves reared by British crossbred cows. Pacific Northwestern cattle producers could achieve substantial increases in weaning weight from introducing inheritance from continental European dual-purpose breeds into cow herds and calf crops of British ancestry.     

Blood biochemical profiles of thai indigenous and Simmental x Brahman crossbred cattle in the Central Thailand

Plasma biochemical profiles were studied in 112 mature (3 to 5-year-old) healthy cattle comprised of 61 Thai indigenous and 51 Simmental x Brahman crossbred male and cyclic female cattle at Nongkwang (Central Thailand) Livestock Research and Breeding Center, Thailand. Data were analysed for the effect of breed and sex. The results showed that the plasma glucose and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the two breeds were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Furthermore, the urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in Thai indigenous were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in crossbred cattle. However, creatine kinase did not significantly differ in crossbred and indigenous animals. A sex difference was found in glucose level with male Thai indigenous having significantly higher levels (P < 0.05) than the other three groups. Plasma urea concentration in male crossbred cattle was lower than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Female crossbred cattle had significantly (P < 0.05) lower plasma creatinine levels than the other animals. Furthermore, levels of albumin in male and total protein in female crossbred were the lowest (P < 0.05) among the groups. The AST, ALT, ALP and GGT levels were significantly (P < 0.05) different between male and female. Female crossbred cattle had the lowest (P < 0.05) AST and GGT levels, whereas lowest (P < 0.05) ALT and ALP concentration was determined in male individuals of these breeds.     

Comparison of feed intake, digestibility and fattening performance of Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Twenty growing crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo (carabao) with an average age of 22 (18–24 months) months were equally distributed into two treatment groups according to species. The animals were fed with the same ration made up of corn silage (50%) + wet brewer's spent grain (30%) + concentrate mixture (20%), and their fattening performance was monitored. The digestibilities of the different nutrients were likewise determined. The economics of raising the animals under intensive production system was calculated. Species differences did not influence total dry matter intake of the animals, when expressed as percentage of the bodyweight and per metabolic body size. There were no significant differences in digestion coefficients of the different nutrients, except for crude protein in crossbred water buffalo and crossbred cattle, although the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen free extract tended to be high in the former than in the latter. Likewise, average daily gain (ADG) was similar, although crossbred water buffalo had numerically higher ADG (828.6 vs 785.5 g) than crossbred cattle during the 6 months feeding. During the first 3 months of feeding (1–90 days), the ADG of crossbred water buffalo was 1066.1 g compared to 940.1 g for crossbred cattle. From 91 to 180 days, the crossbred cattle had slightly higher ADG (630.1 vs 591.1 g) but also the difference was not significant. The return above feed cost was comparable for crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo during the first 90 days of feeding. However, extending the feeding period from 91 to 180 days , income over feed cost was higher (P < 0.05) for crossbred cattle by PhP 5.3/kg gain than crossbred water buffalo. Results showed that crossbred water buffalo could attain similar growth rate with that of crossbred cattle under intensive system, when fed with high quality feed materials.     

Genetic parameter estimates from joint evaluation of purebreds and crossbreds in swine using the crossbred model.

Records on lifetime daily gain and backfat from two purebred lines A (n = 6,022), B (n = 24,170), and their reciprocal crosses C (n = 6,135) were used to estimate genetic parameters using within-line and terminal-cross models. The models that were fitted included fixed (contemporary group and sex), random additive A and(or) random additive B, random dominance, and random litter effects. Model for purebreds included only one additive effect, whereas the model for crossbreds included two additive effects. End weight was included as a covariable for backfat. Heritability estimates for lifetime daily gain were 0.26, 0.28, and 0.23 with within-line models for lines A, B, and C, respectively, and 0.26, 0.30, and 0.27 with the crossbred model, respectively. Heritability estimates for backfat were 0.52, 0.35, and 0.29 with within-line models for lines A, B, and C, respectively, and 0.51, 0.38, and 0.29 with the crossbred model, respectively. The genetic correlations between purebreds and crossbreds (r(pc)) for lifetime daily gain were 0.99 (A-C) and 0.62 (B-C); for backfat the correlations were 0.32 (A-C) and 0.70 (B-C). The amount of dominance variance from the crossbred model expressed as a proportion of phenotypic variance for lifetime daily gain was 0.39, 0.16, and 0.29 for lines A, B, and C respectively. Dominance variance for backfat was estimated as 0. A joint evaluation of purebreds and crossbreds would be most efficient with the crossbred model. The dominance variation should be accounted for lifetime daily gain.     

Effects of breed and feed supplementation on the fertility of cows developed for milk production in Zimbabwe

Forty-six indigenous Sanga-type (Nkone and Tuli breeds) cows and 46 crossbred (Nkone x Jersey and Tuli x Jersey) cows were randomly allocated to four treatment combinations in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two breeds and two dietary levels, a control diet and a diet supplemented with dairy meal containing 14 per cent crude protein at the rate of 2 kg per cow per day. The progesterone concentration was measured in milk samples taken three times a week from 10 days postpartum for up to 200 days, and the cows' bodyweights and body condition scores were recorded fortnightly. The pregnancy rate in the crossbred cows was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the indigenous cows, and the assumed pregnancy loss rate 30 days after conception was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the indigenous cows than in the crossbred cows. The supplemented crossbred cows had a lower pregnancy loss rate than the supplemented indigenous cows (P<0.05). All the supplemented indigenous cows that lost pregnancies were in their first parity, whereas all the crossbred cows that lost pregnancies were multiparous and were not supplemented. The indigenous cows weighed significantly more (P<0.05) than the crossbred cows irrespective of diet, and the supplemented cows of both breeds weighed more (P<0.05) than the control cows. The supplemented indigenous cows had significantly higher (P<0.05) body condition scores than the control cows. The mean dairy milk yield of all the breeds was generally low but significantly higher (P<0.05) in the crossbred than in the indigenous cows.     

Direct and maternal genetic effects due to the introduction of Bos taurus alleles into Brahman cattle in Florida: II. Preweaning growth traits

Records of birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and condition score (CS) from 1,467 Brahman and Brahman X Angus crossbred calves from Brahman and crossbred Brahman sires and Brahman, crossbred Brahman and Angus dams were collected at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, Florida, from 1971 to 1982. Best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE) of Brahman sire and dam group additive genetic effects (as deviations from Angus) and Brahman X Angus dam and calf group nonadditive (intralocus) genetic effects (as deviations from intralocus group genetic effects in the parental breeds) were obtained. Linear combinations of these were used to compute direct and maternal Brahman additive and Brahman X Angus nonadditive (intralocus) group genetic effects. The respective BLUE of these four effects were 5.99 +/- 2.08, -5.70 +/- 1.91, .52 +/- 1.81 and 2.85 +/- .72 kg for BW; 9.60 +/- 10.29, 8.76 +/- 9.47, 9.47 +/- 8.96 and 20.95 +/- 3.56 kg for WW; and -1.10 +/- .55, 1.64 +/- .50, 1.47 +/- .47 and .05 +/- .19 units for CS. Linear combinations of the BLUE of sire, dam and calf group genetic effects can be used to predict the genetic worth of crossbred groups composed of any combination of Brahman and Angus breeding. Nonadditive maternal group genetic effects were the most important factor for BW and WW, whereas nonadditive direct group genetic effects were the most important for CS.     

Comparison of fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fed on high roughage diet

The objective of this study was to compare the fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo at the same young age and fed with high roughage based fattening rations in the Philippines. Ten crossbred cattle and 10 crossbred water buffalo, aged between 18 and 24 months old were used in this experiment. The animals were fed diets consisting of 85% Napier or Para grass and 15% concentrate mixture (CM) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The grass, total DM intake and bodyweight gain were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for the crossbred water buffalo than for the cattle. There was no species significant difference in the digestion coefficient and feed conversion rate between the crossbred cattle and water buffalo. The return over feed cost for fattening was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the crossbred water buffalo than in the cattle. These results clearly indicate that under high roughage‐based fattening rations, young crossbred water buffalo are better able to utilize the roughage and they perform better in terms of feed intake and live weight gains than the crossbred cattle in the Philippines.     

徐淮山羊及波徐杂交一代体重体尺的相关性研究

本研究对3月龄的江苏沿海地区本地徐淮山羊以及波徐杂交一代山羊两种山羊分别饲养90d,对试验羊的体重和各体尺指标进行相关分析和通径分析,以揭示波尔山羊的杂交改良效果、主要改良性状及其内在联系。结果表明:波徐杂交一代山羊与本地徐淮山羊在体尺体重方面有显著的差异(P<0.05);对于徐淮山羊,波徐杂交一代在体尺与体重的相关性上具有一定的改善,将原来徐淮山羊中对体重具有负相关作用的体长性状转变为正相关作用,有利于波徐杂山羊的生长发育,充分说明波尔山羊对改良本地山羊的生产性能具有很好的效果。