美国在全国推广提高家禽健康计划

慢性消耗病（CWD）是一种致死的神经性疾病，由异常的朊病毒蛋白引起，感染麇鹿、鹿和驼鹿。该病属于众所周知的可传染性海绵状脑病（TSE）病种。慢性消耗病的检测通常是根据对死亡动物的脑组织进行化验看是否为阳性来确定。     

鹿慢性消耗性疾病研究进展

鹿慢性消耗性疾病(Chronic wasting disease,CWD)是发生在北美黑尾鹿、白尾鹿和落基山麋鹿一种神经系统传染性疾病,属于传染性海绵状脑病(TSEs)的一种。CWD具有较强的传染性,可通过水平传播和垂直传播。综合流行病学调查、临床症状和病理学观察作出初步诊断后,再采取病料例如脑组织和淋巴结进行免疫印迹作出最后诊断。CWD的蔓延已经引起了人类对自身健康的担心,有必要加以重视防控。     

Westernblot检测奶牛生殖系统朊蛋白的分布

传染性海绵状脑病(TSEs)是一种可引起人和动物一系列神经退化性疾病的一种新型传染病,包括羊瘙痒病(Scrapie)、牛海绵状脑病(BSE)、鹿的慢性消耗性疾病(CWD)、水貂海绵状脑病(MSE)、猫的疯猫病(FSE)、人克雅氏病(CJD)[1-2].     

传染性海绵状脑病的一种特征性标识

传染性海绵状脑病 ( TSE)包括牛传染性海绵状脑病 ( BSE) ,鹿和麋鹿的慢性消耗性疾病( CWD) ,人的克雅氏病 ( CJD)和新型—变异型克雅氏病 ( nv CJD)等。该类疾病致病性主要表现在中枢神经系统 ( CNS) ,共同特点包括空泡形成、神经肌质增生、抗蛋白酶的非正常折叠同形物( prpsc)聚集、神经细胞死亡。目前尚无有效的早期诊断和治疗措施。我们发现了一种容易在组织中简便检测的分子标识物 ,即针对红细胞系特异的转录本表达水平急剧降低是 TSE的一个共同特点。发现了在 TSE致病机理中红细胞系的介导作用。此发现对该病的诊断和治疗研…     

慢性消耗性疾病进展

慢性消耗性疾病(Chronic Wasting Disease,CWD)是鹿和麋鹿发生的一种传染性海绵状脑病(Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopthies,TSE),也称为朊病毒病(Prion Disease).发病动物表现食欲下降,流涎和头部震颤等异常行为,并伴随有进行性消瘦,在没有其它并发症的情况下,动物最终因过度衰弱而死亡.     

慢性消耗性疾病引起美国农业部的注意

当美国科罗拉多州农业部门决定对1,450头牧场放养的暴露在慢性消耗性疾病(CWD)下的麋鹿进行挑选后宰杀时,美国农业部公布了一份全国控制慢性消耗性疾病(CWD)的通知。 慢性消耗性疾病是发生在美国怀俄明、科罗拉多和内布拉斯加州的野鹿群中的地方性疾病。在蒙他拿、内布拉斯加、俄克拉荷马和科罗拉多等州驯养的鹿群中也发现了该病。到目前为止,这是在驯养的鹿群中造成影响范     

羊痒病的诊断与防控措施

<正>羊痒病是由亚病毒中的朊病毒所致,是一种长期的进行性、衰竭性与致死性神经性疾病。传统的羊痒病是一种绵羊和山羊自然发生的疾病,世界上除了澳大利亚和新西兰外,其他国家均有发生。它是传染性海绵状脑病(TSE)之一,与牛海绵状脑病、鹿的慢性消耗性疾病相关,这些疾病都是由脑部细胞内部结构异常的蛋白所导致的。羊痒病可以在各品种羊中发生,但尚未发现本病能由羊传播给其他动物的报道。     

人兽共患病的现状与防制（四）——疯牛病

牛海绵状脑病(BSE)，俗称“疯牛病”(MCD)，属于可传播性神经退化性疾病(TSE)的一种。TSE是人和动物界中的一类遗传性、传染性和散发性的中央神经系统退行性脑病，最终可以导致患者死亡。动物的TSE除疯牛病外，还包括羊瘙痒病、水貂传染性脑病、猫科海绵状脑病及麋鹿慢性退行性疾病；人类的TSE则包括克雅氏病、库鲁病、吉斯综合征和致死性家族性失眠症。     

骡朊病毒基因克隆与序列分析

传染性海绵状脑病（TSEs）是一种可引起人和动物一系列神经退化性疾病的一种新型传染病,包括羊痒病（scrapie）、牛海绵状脑病（BSE）、鹿的慢性消耗性疾病（CWD）,水貂海绵状脑病（MSE）,猫的疯猫病（FSE）,人克雅氏病（CJD）。疾病的致病机理并不清楚,但是朊蛋白被认为是感染性因子。1986年暴发的疯牛病给英国造成很大的损失,而且变异型克雅氏病（vCJD）被认为是人类食用了被疯牛病污染的牛肉发生的,引起了全世界的恐慌。     

家畜几种布鲁氏菌病的病原、临床症状与病理变化

布鲁氏菌病是慢性人畜共患传染病,由布鲁氏菌引起,主要侵害动物生殖系统,导致母畜流产,公畜发生睾丸炎。多年来已经证实,不仅家畜(牛、羊)可以感染该病,许多陆地野生动物和海洋哺乳动物,包括观赏动物也存在布鲁菌感染,如可感染犬、野牛、鹿、羚羊、骆驼、野兔、海豚和鲸等动物,并具有或潜在具有传播给人类的能力。目前已经鉴定了9种布鲁氏     

Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk: scientific facts and findings

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids such as deer and elk in North America. Unlike other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) such as scrapie, CWD occurs in both captive and wild ranging animals, but not in domestic ruminants such as sheep and cattle. In this paper, the history of the disease, pathogenesis of CWD, susceptibility of animals, its transmission mechanisms, potential origins of the disease, diagnostic methods in the field and laboratory tests, surveillance and survey systems in the USA and Canada, control strategies, economic impact of the disease, food and feed safety, and the risks in human and animals are reviewed and summarized. Although there is no evidence that CWD has been transmitted to humans, it may have the potential to infect humans.     

Chronic wasting disease in Canada: Part 1

The purpose of part 1 is to provide an overview of published literature (1980-2002) on chronic wasting disease (CWD) to inform Canadian readers about the disease and to explain Canadian regulatory approaches to the surveillance and control of CWD. Much of the scientific information is drawn from American publications obtained from internet searches in PubMed and Medline databases. The following keywords were used: chronic wasting disease, prion, diagnosis, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, CWD and deer, CWD and elk, and CWD and environment. The article also presents information from Canadian publications and unpublished observations, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) documents, and both government and nongovernment internet Web sites. The article highlights some different features of CWD in Canada, as compared with the situation in the United States, and mentions public health implications of the disease. It also describes the basis for development of Canada's surveillance and control program. Part 2 will detail the activities and results of the surveillance and control program during 2000 to 2002 and discuss factors that will influence the feasibility of eradicating CWD. Chronic wasting disease appears to have been introduced into Canada through the importation of infected farmed elk from the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s, at a time when little was known about the disease. Since then, eradication efforts in Canada have led to the control of the spread of CWD in the farmed elk industry. Still, management of this disease, especially in free-ranging cervids, is a challenge.     

A prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer, elk, and moose, initially recognized in Colorado mule deer. The discovery of CWD beyond the borders of Colorado and Wyoming, in Canada and as far east as New York, has led to its emergence as a prion disease of international importance. Epidemiological studies indicate that CWD is horizontally transmitted among free-ranging animals, potentially indirectly by prion-containing secreta or excreta contaminating the environment. Experimental CWD transmission attempts to other wild and domestic mammals and to transgenic mice expressing the prion protein of cattle, sheep, and humans have shed light on CWD species barriers. Transgenic mice expressing the cervid prion protein have proven useful for assessing the genetic influences of Prnp polymorphisms on CWD susceptibility. Accumulating evidence of CWD pathogenesis indicates that the misfolded prion protein or prion infectivity seems to be widely disseminated in many nonneural organs and in blood. This review highlights contemporary research findings in this prion disease of free-ranging wildlife.     

Pathological characterization of TgElk mice injected with brain homogenate from elk with chronic wasting disease

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease that affects cervids. CWD has been reported in 15 US states, two Canadian provinces, and in imported elk on several farms in Korea. This study was conducted to examine the molecular biological and pathogenic characteristics of a CWD-associated prion isolated in Korea. The epidemiological origin of this pathogen was also determined. Homozygous TgElk mice were infected with a CWD-affected elk brain pool prepared from the brain of an imported Canadian elk. We measured the incubation time of the pathogen, neuropathological changes by immunohistochemical staining, the pattern(s) of scrapie prion protein (PrP^Sc) deposition, and PrP^Sc protein profiles by Western blotting. We found that TgElk mice infected with brain homogenate from the elk suffering from CWD showed incubation times, vacuolar degeneration, and PrP^Sc accumulation similar to those previously reported in the literature. Our results suggest that homozygous TgElk mice efficiently transmit CWD with short incubation times and that this animal can serve a valuable research model and reliable in vivo diagnostic tool.     

Experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) to white-tailed deer by intracerebral route

To compare clinical and pathologic findings of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a natural host, 3 groups (n = 5) of white-tailed deer (WTD) fawns were intracerebrally inoculated with a CWD prion of WTD, mule deer, or elk origin. Three other uninoculated fawns served as controls. Approximately 10 months postinoculation (MPI), 1 deer from each of the 3 inoculated groups was necropsied and their tissues were examined for lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) and for the presence of abnormal prion protein (PrP(d)) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB). The remaining deer were allowed to live until they developed clinical signs of the disease which began approximately 18 MPI. By 26 MPI, all deer were euthanatized on humane grounds. Obvious differences in clinical signs or the incubation periods were not observed between the 3 groups of deer given CWD. In 1 of 3 nonclinical deer euthanatized at 10 MPI, minimal microscopic lesions of SE were seen in the central nervous system (CNS) tissues, and PrP(d) was observed by IHC in tissues of all 3 deer. In the clinical deer, CNS lesions of SE and PrP(d) accumulations were more severe and extensive. It is concluded that the 3 sources of CWD prion did not induce significant differences in time to clinical disease or qualitative differences in signs or lesions in WTD. However, this observation does not imply that these CWD agents would necessarily behave similarly in other recipient species.     

The first Canadian indigenous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has molecular characteristics for prion protein that are similar to those of BSE in the United Kingdom but differ from those of chronic wasting disease in captive elk and deer

Brain tissue from a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from Alberta was subjected to a Western immunoblotting technique to ascertain the molecular profile of any disease-specific, abnormal prion protein, that is, prion protein that is protease-resistant (PrP(res)). This technique can discriminate between isolates from BSE, ovine scrapie, and sheep experimentally infected with BSE. Isolates of brain tissue from the BSE case in Alberta, 3 farmed elk with chronic wasting disease (CWD) from different parts of Saskatchewan, and 1 farmed white-tailed deer with CWD from Edmonton, Alberta, were examined alongside isolates of brain tissue from BSE, ovine scrapie, and sheep experimentally infected with BSE from the United Kingdom (UK). The molecular weights of PrP(res) and the cross reactions to 2 specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were determined for each sample. The BSE isolates from Canada and the UK had very similar PrP(res) molecular weights and reacted with only 1 of the 2 mAbs. The PrP(res) isolated from both elk and white-tailed deer with CWD had a higher molecular weight profile than did the corresponding PrP(res) from the scrapie and BSE isolates. The PrP(res) from CWD cases cross reacted with both mAbs, a property shared with PrP(res) in isolates from scrapie but not with PrP(res) isolates from BSE or sheep experimentally infected with BSE. The results from this study seem to confirm that the PrP(res) isolated from the BSE case in Alberta has similar molecular properties to the PrP(res) isolated from a BSE case in the UK, and that it differs in its molecular and immunological characteristics from the CWD and scrapie cases studied.     

First results of chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance in the south-eastern part of Belgium

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has not been reported in Europe, whereas it is considered to be enzootic in free-ranging mule deer, Rocky mountain elk and white-tailed deer in the area of Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska, and new foci of CWD have been detected in other parts of the United States. However, no large-scale active epidemiosurveillance of European wild cervids has been installed in Europe. In accordance with the opinion of the European Scientific Steering Committee, a preliminary (active) surveillance scheme was installed, in order to improve the knowledge of the CWD status of the Belgian free-ranging cervids (roe deer and red deer). Spleen samples (n=866) of roe deer and red deer collected in the south-eastern part of Belgium, were examined for CWD using a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of Bio-Rad. Afterwards, the ELISA was systematically confirmed by immunohistochemistry using three antibodies, namely R524, 2G11 and 12F10. There were no indications on the occurrence of transmissible spongiform enncephalopathy (TSE) in any of the samples. A Bayesian framework was used for the estimation of the true prevalence of CWD in south-eastern part of Belgium that was estimated to have a median value of zero with a 95% percentile value of 0.00115.     

Epidemiology of an outbreak of chronic wasting disease on elk farms in Saskatchewan

An outbreak of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in farmed elk in Saskatchewan from 1996 to 2002 was reviewed to 1, determine the progression of CWD from infection to death in farmed elk; 2, assess animal risk factors for CWD infection in farmed elk; 3, assess farm management and exposure risk factors for within herd CWD transmission; and 4, assess the suitability of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's (CFIA) current disease control policy for CWD in light of the findings. The results from animal movement tracing, animal testing, and a farm management questionnaire were used. The duration of CWD (time from exposure to death of a CWD test-positive animal) was between a mean minimum of 19 months and a mean maximum of 40 months. Age and sex were not associated with CWD infection, except that adult elk (> or = 2 y) were more likely to be infected than young elk (< 18 mo) (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.5). Elk calves born in the last 18 mo prior to the death or diagnosis of their dam were at higher risk if their dams died of CWD (RR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.5-11.4) or exhibited clinical signs of CWD (RR = 8.3, 95% CI 2.7-25.7). Significant risk factors for transmission of CWD on elk farms were the introduction from an infected farm of trace-in elk that died of CWD (RR = 13.5, 95% CI 2.0-91) or developed clinical signs of CWD (RR = 7.1, 95% CI 0.93-54) and the elapsed time in years since the incursion of CWD (OR = 5.6, 95% CI 1.8-17.4). The assumptions on which CFIA's disease control policies were based were validated, but based on this new information, quarantine in cases where exposure to preclinical elk has occurred could be considered as an alternative to whole herd eradication.     

Detection of PrP(CWD) in postmortem rectal lymphoid tissues in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) infected with chronic wasting disease.

Preclinical diagnostic tests for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been described for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), using biopsy tissues of palatine tonsil, and for sheep, using lymphoid tissues from palatine tonsil, third eyelid, and rectal mucosa. The utility of examining the rectal mucosal lymphoid tissues to detect chronic wasting disease (CWD) was investigated in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), a species for which there is not a live-animal diagnostic test. Postmortem rectal mucosal sections were examined from 308 elk from two privately owned herds that were depopulated. The results of the postmortem rectal mucosal sections were compared to immunohistochemical staining of the brainstem, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, and palatine tonsil. Seven elk were found positive using the brainstem (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve), retropharyngeal lymph nodes, and palatine tonsil. Six of these elk were also found positive using postmortem rectal mucosal sections. The remaining 301 elk in which CWD-associated abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP(CWD)) was not detected in the brainstem and cranial lymphoid tissues were also found to be free of PrP(CWD) when postmortem rectal mucosal sections were examined. The use of rectal mucosal lymphoid tissues may be suitable for a live-animal diagnostic test as part of an integrated management strategy to limit CWD in elk.     

Variable patterns of distribution of PrP(CWD) in the obex and cranial lymphoid tissues of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with subclinical chronic wasting disease

Sections of medulla oblongata, taken at the level of the obex, palatine tonsil and medial retropharyngeal lymph node from 10,269 captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), were examined by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody for the prion protein associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, chronic wasting disease (PrP(CWD)). The protein was detected in 226 of them. On the basis of the anatomical location of the deposits in the brainstem of 183 elk, four distinct patterns of distribution of PrP(CWD) within the parasympathetic region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and the adjacent nuclei were observed. Mild gross lesions of chronic wasting disease (serous atrophy of fat) were observed in only three elk, all with spongiform degeneration; the other elk were considered to be in the preclinical stage of the disease. In contrast with the relatively predictable distribution of prion protein (PrP) in the brain and cranial nodes of sheep and mule deer, the distribution of PrP(CWD) in the brain and nodes of the elk was more variable and unrelated to their PrP genotype. One hundred and fifty-five of the 226 positive elk had deposits of PrP(CWD) in the brainstem and lymphoid tissues, 43 had deposits only in the lymphoid tissue and 28 had deposits only in the brainstem.