母带犊牛与离母犊牛生长性能和血清生化、抗氧化、免疫指标的比较研究

本试验旨在比较母带犊牛与离母犊牛生长性能和血清生化、抗氧化、免疫指标的差异。选取10头出生日期和体重相近的健康新生犊牛(西杂牛♂×犏牛♀)作为对照组,采用母带犊牛的方式进行培育;另外购进相同品种的出生日期和体重相近的健康犊牛25头作为试验组,犊牛出生后未采食初乳,全程饲喂代乳粉。2组犊牛10日龄后自由采食相同的饲粮。试验期为90 d。结果表明:1)离母犊牛的体重在30、60和90日龄均显著低于母带犊牛(P0.05),离母犊牛的平均日增重在1～30日龄、31～60日龄、61～90日龄和1～90日龄均显著低于母带犊牛(P0.05)。离母犊牛的死亡率高于母带犊牛。2) 30日龄时,离母犊牛血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)的活性显著高于母带犊牛(P0.05)。60日龄时,离母犊牛血清AST和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性显著高于母带犊牛(P0.05)。90日龄时,2组间血清ALT、AST和ALP的活性差异不显著(P0.05)。3) 30和90日龄时,离母犊牛血清总抗氧化能力显著低于母带犊牛(P0.05),血清丙二醛的含量显著高于母带犊牛(P0.05)。4) 30、60和90日龄时,离母犊牛血清免疫球蛋白G的含量显著低于母带犊牛(P0.05)。30日龄时,离母犊牛血清干扰素-γ、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)的含量显著高于母带犊牛(P0.05)。60日龄时,离母犊牛血清IL-2和TNF-α的含量显著低于母带犊牛(P0.05)。90日龄时,离母犊牛血清白细胞介素-4的含量显著高于母带犊牛(P0.05)。综上,离母犊牛的机体抗氧化能力和免疫功能均低于母带犊牛,因而死亡率高。但60日龄后,离母犊牛与母带犊牛间的免疫功能差异降低。新生犊牛在不能采食初乳情况下,完全采用代乳粉饲喂,可以存活一部分。     

犊牛注射佐剂后免疫活性细胞的测定

给２４头７日龄犊牛腹膜腔内注射自制的稳定油包水佐剂，经１４天后，应用Ｅ－玫瑰花环形成试验，测定犊牛体内Ｔ淋巴细胞的增长率，并用腹水及实质脏器涂片，检测其它免疫活性细胞的增长率。结果表明，注射佐剂后犊牛体内Ｔ淋巴细胞增加２倍，巨噬细胞增加１０￣２０倍，异嗜性粒细胞增加２．５￣７倍，淋巴细胞增加３￣５倍，大大加强了机体的细胞免疫功能。     

新生羔羊血液某些免疫功能指标的特点和发育变化

本文以１２只自然分娩、初生重１．５－４．５ｋｇ的新生湖羊羔为对象，研究了７日龄产后期内血液某些免疫功能指标的特点和发育变化。结果表明：羔羊出生时ＷＢＣ较低，２４ｈ内明显升高，然后稍降，３日龄后逐渐回升至相对稳定；中性粒细胞％出生时较低，１日龄明显升高，然后缓慢下降，５日龄后相对稳定，淋巴细胞和单核细胞％与中性粒细胞呈相反关系变化，也于５日龄后相对稳定；淋巴细胞中Ｂ淋巴细胞比例２４ｈ内明显上升，以后随日龄增长呈波动性下降，Ｔ淋巴细胞比例变化与其相反；血浆ＴＰ、Ａ、Ｇ、ｒ－Ｇ含量出生时均较低，１日龄吃初乳后明显升高，以后ＴＰ保持相对稳定的高水平，Ａ呈下降趋势，Ｇ特别是ｒ－Ｇ进一步上升，约３日龄趋于相对稳定。     

犊牛白痢的诊治技术

犊牛白痢又称犊牛大肠杆菌病，是由致病性大肠杆菌引起的一种急性传染病。主要危害10日龄以内的新生犊牛，特别是生后l－3日龄的犊牛最易发病。l发病诱因大肠杆菌在自然界广泛分布，可随乳汁和其它污物侵入犊牛肠道，当新生犊牛抵抗力下降或发生消化障碍时，最易引起发病。如若母牛营养不良，运动不足，致使乳汁质量不佳，牛舍不洁和气候多变等不利因素，均可促使犊牛发病。2临床症状ZI败血型主要发生于未吃初乳、l周龄以内的新生犊牛，常突然发病，病程很短，有的不出现任何症状就突然死亡。有的病初体温升高到40t以上，精神萎靡，食欲度…     

新生犊牛腹泻的诊断与防治

问 :新生犊牛很容易发生腹泻 ,贵刊能谈谈如何诊断与防治有关的情况吗 ?( 韦　华　南宁市 )答 :该病最常见于 2 -1 0日龄新生犊牛 ,也可早至出生后 2 -1 8小时发病 ,偶尔可晚至 3周龄才发病。发病越早 ,死亡率越高。主要症状是腹泻、脱水和衰弱 ,发病后 1至数日内死亡。新生犊牛腹泻是由大肠杆菌引起的多在 5日龄内发病 ,呈急性经过 ,健康活泼的犊牛在 1 2 -2 4小时后虚弱 ,病初腹胀 ,排水样、黄白色或绿色粪便。沙门氏菌病多侵袭 2周龄以上的犊牛 ,粪便恶臭 ,常含血迹、多量粘液 ,有的粪便表面覆盖纤维膜。梭状牙胞菌属引起出血性肠毒血症 …     

不同阶段奶牛的饲养管理

1犊牛 奶牛犊从生后3-4月龄就停止吃乳，把出生后以乳为食阶段的牛叫做犊牛。刚生下到7日龄之内的牛，叫做新生犊牛，此时期称为新生期。犊牛在此时期，生理上发生了很大变化，从母牛子宫内的生理环境逐渐适应子宫外的条件。最初几天，其组织器官机能尚未充分发育，对于外界不良环境的抵抗力较低，适应能力较弱，消化道黏膜容易被细菌穿过，皮肤的保护机能很差，神经系统的反应性也不足。因此，初生犊牛容易受各种病菌的侵害，要格外注意对犊牛新生期的护理。     

雏鸡感染传染性法氏囊病病毒时血细胞动态变化

研究了感染ＩＢＤＶ免疫和未免疫３０～５９日龄ＡＡ雏鸡的外周血细胞动态变化。结果表明：ＩＢＤＶ对红细胞数（ＲＢＣ）影响各组差异不显著,均随日龄增长呈上升趋势;从以ＩＢＤＶ攻毒前１ｄ到攻毒后的头５ｄ,３组鸡的白细胞数（ＷＢＣ）均呈上升趋势,未免疫未攻毒鸡（Ｃ组）随后下降,而未免疫攻毒鸡（Ａ组）和免疫攻毒鸡（Ｂ组）则持续上升至攻毒后第７ｄ,然后下降;Ａ组在ＩＢＤＶ攻毒后,白细胞分类计数（ＤＣ）中的单核细胞和异嗜性粒细胞急剧增加,淋巴细胞第１ｄ虽有减少但随后上升,嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞第７ｄ出现峰值,以后下降。方差分析显示,Ａ组ＷＢＣ和ＤＣ均高于或显著高于Ｂ组和Ｃ组,Ｂ、Ｃ两组比较,差异不明显。     

肠炎灵对鸭免疫器官及免疫功能影响的研究

用肠炎灵中草药制剂，按饲料１％为临床预防量，饲喂雏鸭，在１￣７０日龄内用增性方法，检测禽巴氏杆菌苗免疫后雏鸭的抗体水平及抗体种类，淋巴细胞α－醋酸萘酯麦染色阳性率及对主要免疫器官的影响。结果表明，试验组１６日龄、４、６、８、１０周龄抗体水平显著或极显著高于对照组、但抗体种类无显著差异。６周龄后淋巴细胞ＡＮＡＥ阳性率显著增高。４，６周龄对胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏的发育有不同程度促进作用。     

不同锌源对新生犊牛生长性能、血清激素及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同锌源对新生犊牛生长性能、血清激素及免疫指标的影响。试验选取36头新生荷斯坦母犊牛,随机分成3组,每组12头。对照组无添加,试验组分别每日每头添加457 mg蛋氨酸锌和104 mg氧化锌(均相当于80 mg锌),蛋氨酸锌和氧化锌混合到牛奶中进行饲喂。试验进行至犊牛生后14 d结束。犊牛4日龄时添加开食料,每天记录犊牛采食量和腹泻情况,初生和15日龄晨饲前测量犊牛体高、体斜长、胸围和体重;15日龄晨饲前采集犊牛血液样品,测定血清中免疫球蛋白和激素含量。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加蛋氨酸锌显著提高了犊牛平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低了犊牛腹泻率(P0.05)。不同锌源对犊牛平均日采食量、体高总增长、体斜长总增长和胸围总增长均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,添加氧化锌和蛋氨酸锌均可显著降低犊牛血清中胰岛素的含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,添加氧化锌显著提高了犊牛血清中免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量(P0.05)。各组间犊牛血清中免疫球蛋白A含量差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,给新生犊牛补充蛋氨酸锌可以有效促进犊牛生长,降低腹泻率;而补充氧化锌则有助于提高犊牛机体免疫功能。     

夏季新生犊牛腹泻的预防

夏季新生犊牛腹泻的预防犊牛出生后，每日加喂酸奶１００ｍｌ１次，６日龄腹泻发病率１１．１１％，比对照组下降２２．２２％，且日增重较对照组高。夏季新生犊牛腹泻的预防...     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.