乌鲁木齐市宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌耐药性及耐药基因检测

为了解乌鲁木齐市宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性及其耐药基因携带情况,在乌鲁木齐市多家宠物医院、警犬基地、犬养殖基地采集宠物(犬和猫)直肠粪样449份进行粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的分离鉴定,通过琼脂稀释法测定10种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度,利用PCR方法检测11种耐药基因.结果分离鉴定出宠物源粪肠球菌和屎肠球...     

江西省猪源粪肠球菌毒力基因及耐药性分析

通过选择性培养基、PCR技术分离鉴定粪肠球菌,采用PCR技术检测agg、clyA、efaA、esp、ace和gelE基因,使用K-B法测定分离株对红霉素、多西环素、环丙沙星和氟苯尼考的敏感性。结果共分离并鉴定出226株粪肠球菌。98.23%的粪肠球菌至少携带1种毒力基因,各基因检出率由高到低依次为efaA、ace、gelE、agg、esp和clyA。有75.22%分离株携带3~5种毒力基因。分离株对红霉素和多西环素耐药率较高,分别为97.35%和92.48%,对环丙沙星和氟苯尼考耐药率相对较低,分别为65.04%和61.95%,但没有统计学上的区别。因此,携带毒力基因数的多少与抗菌药物的耐药性之间不存在统计学上的关联。     

1例斑鸠大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌混合感染的诊断

以临床病死斑鸠为试验材料,采用病理学诊断方法：包括病理剖检、病理组织学观察等,以及病原学检测方法：包括细菌的分离培养、细菌16s RNA测序分析等,对该斑鸠病例进行检测。病理剖检结果显示：斑鸠肝脏肿大,质脆,轻度脂肪变性,表面有暗红的淤血区域以及稍有下陷的溃疡灶。病理组织学结果显示：肝索紊乱,叶间质增宽,并伴有嗜中性粒细胞浸润,可见多量肉芽肿结节。病原学检测结果显示：大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌混合感染。综合诊断该斑鸠病例为大肠杆菌粪肠球菌混合感染引起肉芽肿性肝炎和败血症致死。     

猪源粪肠球菌的基因型及耐药性分析

为了解上海地区规模化猪场中粪肠球菌的耐药性和基因型,2013年3月-2014年5月从上海地区10个规模化养猪场收集到分离鉴定的粪肠球菌133株,采用微量肉汤稀释法对12种抗菌药物进行药敏试验,采用PCR技术分别检测分离株中β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药相关基因(TEM)、氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药相关基因[aac(6’)/aph(2")和aph(3’)-Ⅲ和ant(6)-Ⅰ]、四环素耐药相关基因(tetM)、红霉素耐药相关基因(ermB和mefA)和万古霉素耐药相关基因(vanA和vanB)。结果显示,在133株粪肠球菌中,耐药基因ermB、tetM、TEM、ant(6)-Ⅰ、aac(6’)/aph2"、aph(3’)-Ⅲ、vanA的检出率分别为:95.5%(127/133)、91.0%(121/133)、63.2%(84/133)、45.9%(61/133)、42.1%(56/133)、24.1%(32/133)、3.0%(4/133);未检出mefA和vanB基因的菌株。分离菌株对12种抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重,且以6~9耐为主要耐药株,占81.2%。试验表明,上海地区猪源粪肠球菌多重耐药现象严重,携带抗菌药物相关耐药基因是导致分离株耐药的主要原因。     

一例肉鸡大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌混合感染的诊治

本试验对某发病肉鸡场的病死鸡进行了病原学诊断。通过病原分离、生化试验、动物试验、血清型鉴定、PCR扩增等方法对分离细菌进行了鉴定,最终确定为大肠杆菌和粪肠球菌的混合感染。在此基础上进行了药敏试验,筛选出了大肠杆菌的高敏药物阿米卡星和庆大霉素,而粪肠球菌只对某些氟喹诺酮类药物中度敏感,其余均显示为耐药。将阿米卡星、庆大霉素和恩诺沙星用于发病鸡群的治疗,很快控制了疫情,及时减少了经济损失。     

粪肠球菌动物致病的研究进展

粪肠球菌又称粪链球菌,能在不同环境中生长存活,对外界环境抵抗力较强,部分属于动物肠道中的正常茵群,还有部分在长期的进化中出现了毒力基因。近年来,粪肠球菌感染人和动物的报道日益增加,逐渐得到人们的广泛关注。论文综述了猪、牛、羊、禽和犬粪肠球菌的主要致病性、毒力基因及耐药性,为防制动物粪肠球菌感染提供参考。     

毛皮动物源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

为获得毛皮动物源粪肠球菌,并评价其益生特性,本研究从健康成年毛皮动物（水貂、狐狸、貉）粪便中分离粪肠球菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验和16S rRNA序列分析等方法进行种属鉴定。测定分离菌株生长曲线、产酸能力、抗菌药敏感性,并挑取部分菌株测定其对于温度、人工胃液、人工胆盐的耐受能力。结果表明,分离菌株中共5株为革兰氏阳性菌,生化特性与粪肠球菌标准株基本相符,且经16S rRNA序列分析鉴定为粪肠球菌。5株菌均于培养后2 h进入对数期,8~10 h进入稳定期,且具有弱产酸能力。分离菌株对四环素、左氟沙星耐药性强,耐药率为100%,其次为青霉素（80%）、红霉素（80%）、庆大霉素（80%）、氯霉素（40%）,对氨苄西林和万古霉素敏感。水貂、狐狸和貉源的粪肠球菌对于60 ℃以下温度处理、pH>3.0的人工胃液、0.3%~0.5%浓度的胆盐耐受能力较强,对70 ℃以上高温和pH<3.0的人工胃液耐受性差。综上所述,本研究共获得5株毛皮动物源（水貂、狐狸、貉）粪肠球菌,分离菌株繁殖较快,适合在毛皮动物肠道中定植并发挥益生作用,且具有较好的益生特性和抗逆性,可作为动物用微生态制剂的候选菌种进一步研究。     

猪源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

对来自四川地区送检病猪采样分离到2株致病性革兰氏阳性球菌进行分离纯化,根据培养形态、理化特性和16SrRNA序列同源性分析,综合判定所分离菌株为粪肠球菌,采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性实验,结果显示分离的致病菌均对供试的头孢唑啉钠、利福平药物高度敏感,对氨苄西林、红霉素、氧氟沙星等药物不同程度耐药,根据结果制定相应防治措施,经处理后,病情得到控制。     

猪源粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

对来自四川地区送检病猪采样分离到2株致病性革兰氏阳性球菌进行分离纯化,根据培养形态、理化特性和16S rRNA序列同源性分析,综合判定所分离菌株为粪肠球菌,采用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性实验,结果显示分离的致病菌均对供试的头孢唑啉钠、利福平药物高度敏感,对氯苄西林．红霉素、氧氟沙星等药物不同程度耐药,根据结果制定相应防治措施,经处理后,病情得到控制。     

四川地区兔源粪肠球菌对恶唑烷酮类药物耐药性调查

本研究旨在调查四川地区兔场中粪肠球菌对恶唑烷酮类药物的耐药性,检测恶唑烷酮类耐药基因。以四川多个地区兔场分离鉴定的79株粪肠球菌为研究材料,开展分离株对恶唑烷酮类的药物敏感性试验。运用PCR技术检测分离株中恶唑烷酮类耐药基因c、poxtA和optrA。结果显示,在分离出的79株粪肠球菌中,有19株对利奈唑胺耐药(MIC≥2mg/L),耐药率为24.05%。PCR结果表明,有16株含有optrA基因,其余基因未检出。16株携optrA基因粪肠球菌分为13个ST型,其中分离自峨眉山市某兔场的CSC1菌株可能是一个新的ST型。结论:兔源粪肠球菌对恶唑烷酮类耐药率为24.05%,由optrA基因介导,optrA基因在粪肠球菌中检出率为20.25%,兔场与兔场之间分离的菌株之间存在密切进化关系,耐药菌株的广泛交流可能造成多重耐药基因optrA传播。     

Enterococcus faecalis of human and poultry origin share virulence genes supporting the zoonotic potential of E. faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis is a major cause of nosocomial infections in humans and has been linked to severe extra‐intestinal infections in poultry. A zoonotic potential has been suggested and the aim of the present study was to investigate similarities in virulence gene profiles of E. faecalis originating from infections in humans and poultry respectively. A total of 106 isolates of E. faecalis [26 human clinical isolates, 60 poultry clinical isolates (including two small‐colony variants (SCVs) and 20 poultry cloacal isolates] were investigated for presence of seven virulence‐associated genes: ace, asa1, cylA, efaA, EF0591, esp and gelE. For each gene, the PCR‐amplification product was sequenced from one isolate in each group to explore intragenic variations between genes of human and poultry origin. Haemolytic and protease activities were assessed and isolates were assigned a sequence type (ST). Three of the seven genes investigated (ace, efaA and gelE) were present in all isolates. The asa1 was detected in 63/80 and 13/26 isolates of poultry and human origin respectively. For cylA, the numbers were 46/80 and 14/26 respectively. Among poultry isolates, esp and EF0591 were the least frequently observed genes (1/80 and 20/80 respectively); the prevalences among human isolates were 1/26 and 18/26 respectively. A high degree of similarity between genes in human and poultry isolates were confirmed by sequencing of amplification products. None of the cylA‐positive isolates demonstrated haemolytic activity, while the phenotypic expression of gelatinase varied. The ST16 was the only ST shared by human and poultry isolates. The SCV isolates did not show a unique virulence profile or phylogeny. In conclusion, regardless of the distinct phylogenetic background of most E. faecalis isolates of human and poultry origin, we found major similarities in virulence gene profile and gene sequences in isolates from the two sources, supporting the zoonotic risk associated with this organism.     

新疆北疆地区猪源粪肠球菌的耐药性分析

为了解新疆北疆地区猪源粪肠球菌的耐药性及相关耐药基因型的分布情况,本试验采用K-B（Kirby-Baller）琼脂扩散法检测了49株猪源粪肠球菌对8种抗菌药物的敏感性,并采用PCR法对9种相关耐药基因进行检测并测序,测序结果与GenBank中的相应基因序列比对。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对链霉素耐药率最高,其次为青霉素和红霉素,对呋喃妥因、氨苄西林高度敏感。PCR检测结果显示,β-内酰胺类耐药基因tem的检出率最高,为93.88%,其次是四环素类耐药基因tetM,为85.71%,喹诺酮类基因gyrA和parC检出率均为42.86%,氨基糖苷类耐药基因aph（3'）-Ⅲ、aac（6'）/aph2″和ant（6'）-Ⅰ的检出率分别为36.73%、16.33%和16.33%,未检出mefA和ermB基因。本试验从表型与基因型分析发现,北疆地区猪源粪肠球菌的多重耐药现象非常严重,且其耐药表型与基因型并不完全一致。     

猪源大肠杆菌整合子与耐药性的相关性研究

为分析耐药大肠埃希菌中整合子的流行情况和分子特性,用K-B法分析134株耐药大肠杆菌的药敏情况,并应用PCR方法检测其整合酶基因（intI）和整合子基因盒。结果显示：117株（87.3%）菌株为整合子阳性。表明细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致。     

Isolation and Identification of Enterococcus faecalis from Fur-bearing Animals

In order to obtain Enterococcus faecalis from fur animals and evaluate its prebiotic properties,in this study,Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from the feces of healthy adult fur-bearing animals (mink,fox,raccoon dog),identified by morphological observation,biochemical test and 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The growth curve,acid production capacity and antibiotic sensitivity of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates were measured to evaluate their probiotic properties.Some strains were selected to determine their tolerance to temperature,artificial gastric juice and artificial bile salt.The results showed that five strains were Gram-positive,and their biochemical characteristics were basically consistent with the standard strains of Enterococcus faecalis,and they were identified as Enterococcus faecalis by 16S rRNA sequence analysis.The five strains all entered the logarithmic phase at 2 h after culture,and entered the stable phase at 8-10 h,and had weak acid production capacity.The resistance rate of the isolates to tetracycline and levofloxacin was 100%,followed by penicillin (80%),erythromycin (80%),gentamicin (80%) and chloramphenicol (40%).All the isolates were sensitive to ampicillin and vancomycin.Enterococcus faecalis from mink,fox and raccoon dog had strong tolerance to temperature below 60 ℃,artificial gastric juice with pH>3.0 and 0.3%-0.5% concentration of bile salt,but poor tolerance to temperature above 70 ℃,and artificial gastric juice with pH<3.0.In conclusion,five strains of Enterococcus faecalis from fur animals (mink,fox,raccoon dog) were obtained in this study.The isolated strains propagated rapidly,which were suitable for colonization and played a prebiotic role in fur animals' intestines,and had good prebiotic characteristics and stress resistance.They could be used as candidate strains for animal microbiological agents for further study.     

猪源粪肠球菌的分离、鉴定及应用

通过培养特征、形态观察、生理生化鉴定、16SrDNA序列分析和种特异性片段扩增等方法,从健康猪直肠内容物中分离到3株粪肠球菌,其中菌株NA14对常见病原微生物具有较强的拮抗能力;进一步研究表明该菌株具有较强的耐受人工胃液和耐胆汁的能力,能够耐受60℃、30min;动物试验表明饲料中添加该粪肠球菌能够降低仔猪腹泻,改善仔猪生产性能,增强猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果;因此该菌株作为动物益生菌具有好的应用前景。     

Analysis of Ribosome Genotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Pigs and Chickens

This study was to investigate the ribosome genotyping and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from 2 large-scale farms in Shanghai.40 isolates were evaluated for their sensitivity to 12 antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution,and the ribosome genotyping (ribotype) was characterized by the Riboprinter^® Microbial Characterization System.The resistance rates of most antimicrobial drug were relatively high and multidrug resistant strains were detected with more than 80%.4 strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from pigs were resistant to vancomycin,including 2 strains of vancomycin highly resistant (MIC>64 mg/L) with the same time highly resistant to gentamicin and streptomycin (MIC>2 048 mg/L).The results showed that multidrug resistance of Enterococcus faecalis was a serious issue,and the resistant phenotypes of the same type of ribotype was not entirely consistent.     

猪、鸡源分离粪肠球菌的核糖体分型及耐药性分析

对上海地区1个规模化养猪场和1个规模化养鸡场分离鉴定的40株粪肠球菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法对12种抗菌药物进行药敏试验,采用Riboprinter^®微生物基因指纹鉴定系统检测分离菌株的基因指纹图谱,分别检测分离菌株中的核糖体型和耐药性。结果表明,在40株粪肠球菌中,80%以上为多重耐药菌株,有4株猪源粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药,其中有2株表现为对万古霉素高度耐药（MIC>64 mg/L）,且对链霉素和庆大霉素同时表现为高度耐药（MIC>2 048 mg/L）。从耐药表型和核糖体分型共同分析粪肠球菌的耐药性,发现多重耐药性严重,同一核糖体型菌株的耐药表型并非完全一致。