陇东紫花苜蓿生态特征及水分利用率研究

通过分析陇东紫花苜蓿Medicag sativa在原产地陇东栽植的生物物候与热量条件的关系,鲜、干质量与水分利用率随生长年限的变化特征,以及地上生长量和地下生长量在生长年的变化特征,认为陇东紫花苜蓿在陇东塬区完成3个生长周期从气候角度来说是不可能的.陇东紫花苜蓿随着生长年限的延长,鲜、干质量和水分利用率等要素各年逐茬增加,现蕾期前后是紫花苜蓿产量形成的关键时期.陇东紫花苜蓿生长前3年,地下生长高峰期出现在第2年第2茬生长发育期间.夏季根生长比秋季活跃,秋季主、侧根直径的增长较缓慢.陇东紫花苜蓿不但适宜原产地陇东地区栽植,在西北区域属于优质品种.但该品种干草率较低,适宜青饲,应以生产鲜草带动当地畜牧业发展为主,不宜作为当地商用草产业发展的当家品种.     

紫花苜蓿品种比较试验

通过对26个紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）品种的生育期、株高、产量、越冬率等指标的试验比较，结果表明：公农一号、保丰、陇东、德福等几个品种的表现优于其他参试品种，适宜在辽西北风沙地地区推广种植。     

雷达克之星——极抗旱、能持久利用的紫花苜蓿新品种

“雷达克之星”紫花苜蓿是从美国引进的优秀紫花苜蓿新品种．它集诸多优良特性于一身．深受众多客户的青睐。     

雷达克之星——极抗旱、能持久利用的紫花苜蓿新品种

“雷达克之星”紫花苜蓿足从美国引进的优秀紫花苜蓿新品种，它集诸多优良特性于一身，深受众多客户的青睐。     

紫花苜蓿引种品比试验

在甘肃省永昌县牧草种子繁殖基地，对来自国内、外12个紫花苜蓿品种(国内仅1个陇东苜蓿，国外11个品种：阿尔冈金、牧歌、德宝、巨人、金皇后、威龙、德福、赛特、神农、朝阳、苜蓿王)于200l—2002年进行了牧草品种比较试验，结果表明：美国的神农、牧歌、苜蓿王及荷兰的德宝、德福、赛特、加拿大的阿尔冈金等品种的表现比其他供试品种好，生长快，越冬率高，产量高，适宜在永昌的清河、东河地区推广种植。     

2种紫花苜蓿氮代谢及其关键酶(NR、GS)活性差异研究

为探究不同紫花苜蓿氮代谢差异及氮代谢差异的生理机制,采用盆栽砂培法,通过对2个具有典型特征的紫花苜蓿品种(LW6010和陇东苜蓿)在2个氮素水平及3个生育时期下其氮代谢产物及氮代谢酶活性差异进行研究,探讨氮代谢产物与氮代谢酶活性的相互关系。结果表明:LW6010和陇东苜蓿在N210水平下其干物质重、氮含量、氮积累量及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性均高于N21。在2个氮水平下,LW6010的干物质重、NR和GS活性均显著大于陇东苜蓿,而LW6010的氮含量显著低于陇东苜蓿。其中,LW6010的NR活性比陇东苜蓿在N210和N21下分别高24%和15%(苗期)、31%和40%(现蕾期)、20%和11%(盛花期);GS活性分别高30%和29%(苗期)、33%和20%(现蕾期)、7%和14%(盛花期)。在苗期和盛花期时,LW6010的氮积累量显著大于陇东苜蓿,而在现蕾期差异不显著。LW6010的氮积累量在N210下各生育期分别比陇东苜蓿高25%,3%和16%,而在N21下LW6010的氮积累量在苗期和盛花期下比陇东苜蓿高45%和12%。同时,紫花苜蓿干物质重、氮积累量、NR活性与GS活性呈极显著正相关关系。综上分析,紫花苜蓿的不同品种在不同氮素水平下其氮代谢能力不同,不同紫花苜蓿品种间氮代谢具有差异;LW6010较陇东苜蓿具有较好的氮代谢能力;NR和GS活性可为不同紫花苜蓿氮代谢差异评价提供参考。     

不同苜蓿品种生产性能研究

为筛选适宜辽西北风沙半干旱地区栽培的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种,于2007年采用随机区组法设计,对30个国内外紫花苜蓿品种的生产性能进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同苜蓿品种间返青期差异较大,最多相差22d,其中甘农3号(Gannong No.3)返青最早,其次为公农1号(Gongnong No.1)、敖汉(Aohan)和甘农1号(Gannong No.1),国内品种普遍返青早于国外品种;抗寒性方面,国内品种强于国外品种,具有较高的越冬率;5个入选生产性能因子中,分枝数和越冬率决定苜蓿的鲜草和青干草产量,在晾制青干草过程中,还受到主枝侧枝数的较大影响。综合评价参试品种的生产性能,以公农1号、保丰(Baofeng)、甘农3号、陇东(Longdong)、德福(Defy)、皇冠(Phabulous)、爱菲尼特(Affinity)7个品种表现最佳,具有较强的分枝能力和较高的株高,适宜该地区推广种植。     

不同品种紫花苜蓿根系形态及生理特征对磷水平的响应

为明确不同品种紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)根系形态和生理特征对磷水平的响应,以营养液水培的试验方法,分析了0(P0)、50(P1)、100(P2)、500(P3)1000(P4)和1500ymol·L-1(P5)磷水平下,6种紫花苜蓿根系形态及生理特征对磷水平的响应.结果发现,各品种总根长、根表面积均在P1处理时达到最大,新牧一号、耐盐之星、肇东、巨能Ⅱ 4个品种在P2低磷水平时总根长、根表面积高于陇东、龙牧801.设定磷水平下,各品种根体积仅在P0、P1处理时存在差异性,陇东根体积在Pl、P2、P3、P5处理下均小于其他品种.P1处理时新牧一号、龙牧801根系磷吸收效率高于其他4个品种,P2、P3、P4处理下肇东根系磷吸收效率显著(P＜0.05)高于其他品种.根系酸性磷酸酶活性均在P1时达到最大且同浓度磷水平时各品种间存在显著差异.低磷水平下,耐盐之星、巨能Ⅱ根系酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他4个品种,综合各耐低磷指标表明新牧一号、耐盐之星的耐低磷性高于其他品种是较好的磷高效品种,其次是肇东、巨能Ⅱ,而陇东、龙牧801则可归纳为磷低效品种.     

不同处理方法对紫花苜蓿种子萌发的影响

为了研究不同培养方法对苜蓿种子萌发的影响,为科尔沁沙地紫花苜蓿种植提供理论依据。以10个品种紫花苜蓿种子为试验材料,采用不同温度热水浸种、砂纸打磨和标准发芽试验3种不同方法测定紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、鲜重、干重、硬实率及千粒重一系列重要指标。结果表明:经过标准发芽试验得到的各品种紫花苜蓿发芽率试验组与对照组差别较显著,其中"甘农2号"和"陇东"的发芽率较低;砂纸打磨处理后"陇东"种子的硬实率从60.33%降到0.67%,发芽率从36%上升到97.33%;温水浸种处理后各品种紫花苜蓿种子的发芽势都显著提高,其中最明显的是"陇东",发芽势从3.67%升到72.33%。结论 :在这3种促进苜蓿种子萌发的处理方法中,温水浸种方法易于操作,成本低廉,适合在实际生产中推广应用。在10个苜蓿品种中,发芽率较好的品种是"新疆大叶""公农2号"和"肇东",建议在科尔沁沙地地区进行试种。     

三个紫花苜蓿品种引种对比试验

甘肃省是全国紫花苜蓿种植大省,为进一步引入适宜该省中部干旱地区种植的优质紫花苜蓿品种。2014-2016年,在兰州市对国内外3种紫花苜蓿品种:惊喜、康赛、阿迪娜进行引种对比试验,对比品种为陇东紫花苜蓿,观测年产量、株高、再生速度、干鲜比、茎叶比等指标。通过对比得出:在鲜草年产量方面,惊喜和康赛表现较好,引种第3年惊喜每茬平均产量为10 417 kg/hm2,康赛为9 952.33 kg/hm2;引种第2年惊喜和康赛再生速度和株高有较大优势,而康赛的鲜干比和茎叶比都显著低于其他品种,说明其在适口性上表现更佳。经过综合分析,将康赛作为适合本地推广的紫花苜蓿新品种。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.