基于Nemerow法的森林土壤肥力综合指数评价

以广西国有大桂山林场用材林林地为研究区域,以土壤pH值、全量氮、全量磷、全量钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼和有效铁作为评价指标,利用Nemerow法进行土壤肥力综合评价。结果表明,不同样地土壤养分因子变异系数在5.02%~65.69%。有机质平均值为28.75g/kg,处于中等偏下水平。全量N平均含量为1.64g/kg,速效N为135.5mg/kg,处于中等或中等偏上水平。全量P2O5平均含量为0.82g/kg,速效P为1.5mg/kg,均处于贫乏水平。全量K2O平均含量为23.76g/kg,速效K为51.8 mg/kg,均处于中等偏下水平。大量元素氮磷钾因子可以概括为"富氮、缺磷、中等钾"。微量元素方面,有效Zn和有效Fe林地平均含量分别为2.03mg/kg和32.11mg/kg,处于中等水平,有效B和有效Cu平均含量分别为0.18mg/kg和0.41mg/kg,属于贫或极贫水平。大桂山林地土壤肥力综合指数为0.85,桉树、松树林地肥力综合指数分别为0.77和0.82,肥力等级均属于Ⅲ级,杉木林地肥力综合指数为0.90,肥力等级属于Ⅱ级。速效P、有效B、有效Cu均处于贫或极贫水平,是影响研究区域土壤肥力的主要限制因子。     

星星草的生长对盐碱土磷素营养的影响

研究不同生长年限星星草对盐碱土全磷、速效磷、有机磷和无机磷含量及磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明:土壤全磷、速效磷、有机磷和无机磷含量增加,三龄时达到最高值.星星草对盐碱土速效磷和有机磷含量有明显的影响;土壤磷素各项指标及磷酸酶活性之间都存在着一定的相关关系,其中磷酸酶活性与磷素各指标之间呈极显著相关.     

黄土高原轮作系统苜蓿土壤磷素变化特征

在长期定位试验的基础上,分析黄土高原旱地轮作系统中苜蓿（Medicago sativa）不同生长年份土壤的无机磷、有机磷形态及微生物磷的变化特征,以期为农牧区牧草有效磷素合理利用及区域管理提供依据。结果表明：种植苜蓿的土壤全磷含量与苜蓿种植年份成反比,连续种植苜蓿年份越长,土壤全磷和速效磷的含量越小。苜蓿土壤中无机磷组分以Ca-P为主,占无机磷总量的74.0%～80.0%,且Ca₁₀-P > Ca₈-P > Ca₂-P。有机磷占全磷总量的23.2%～25.4%,土壤有机磷以中活性有机磷为主,占有机磷总量的78.3%～79.5%。苜蓿的种植年份越长,土壤微生物磷含量越低。土壤微生物磷与土壤全磷、速效磷成极显著相关,故土壤微生物磷可作为土壤供磷能力的指标。     

连续6年施磷肥对土壤磷素积累、形态转化及有效性的影响

长期施磷肥对土壤磷素积累、形态转化以及有效性的影响是国内外土壤化学研究的热点之一。本研究利用从2008年开始在京南地区进行的紫花苜蓿连续6年施用磷肥定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对紫花苜蓿田土壤磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性的影响。试验地土壤为褐潮土,试验开始前耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机质为11.2 g/kg,全磷为0.77 g/kg,速效磷为5.66 mg/kg,pH为8.3。结果表明,连续不施磷肥土壤的全磷、速效磷、无机磷各组分含量较连续施磷肥处理均明显降低,说明连续施用磷肥可显著扩大土壤中的有效磷库;不施磷肥处理耕层(0~20 cm)土壤全磷下降了6.94%,速效磷下降了16.3%,施用磷肥处理耕层土壤全磷增加1.3%~13%,速效磷增加164.7%~335.9%;不同的施磷肥处理对Ca₂-P含量的影响最大,不施磷肥的土壤Ca₂-P几乎耗竭,而施磷处理的Ca₂-P增加幅度可达19~36倍;此外,施用磷肥也使土壤Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P有不同程度的提高。通过2013年的停施磷肥试验可知继续施磷肥的处理(F₂)与停施磷肥的处理(F₂')在土壤磷素水平、苜蓿产量及养分含量上均没有显著差异,表明磷肥存在明显的后效作用,之前积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

宁夏引黄灌区种植不同苜蓿品种对土壤速效养分的影响

对宁夏引黄灌区8个苜蓿品种种植5年后的土壤有效养分和有机质变化特征进行研究,结果表明:8个苜蓿品种种植5年后土壤碱解氮和有机质含量在20~60cm土层差异显著;有效磷和速效钾含量仅在表层土壤存在显著差异。所有苜蓿品种的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均随土层深度的增加显著降低,且有效磷存在明显的"表聚"现象。长期种植苜蓿提高了土壤中的有机质含量,但降低碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中速效钾降幅最大。速效钾变化量与苜蓿干草产量呈显著负相关,是影响苜蓿产量的主要影响因素。因此,在宁夏引黄灌区种植苜蓿要根据苜蓿品种、土壤养分变化进行科学合理的施肥,尤其要注重增加钾肥的使用。     

内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷和速效钾丰缺指标与适宜施肥量研究

为了给内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿测土施肥提供科学依据,采用土壤养分含量与缺素处理相对产量回归方程法、土壤养分丰缺分级改良方案和"养分平衡-地力差减法"确定适宜施肥量新应用公式,开展了内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)和速效钾(NH_4OAc-K)丰缺指标与适宜施肥量研究。结果表明:内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷第1～11级丰缺指标依次为≥40,39～22,21～12,11～6,5.9～3.2,3.1～1.7,1.6～1.0,0.9～0.5,0.49～0.30,0.29～0.15,0.15 mg/kg;速效钾第1～6级丰缺指标依次为≥204,203～100,99～49,48～24,23～12,12 mg/kg。当磷肥当季利用率为20%、目标产量为9.0～22.5 t/hm~2时,紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷丰缺级别第1～11级的适宜施磷量范围依次为0～0,27～68,54～135,81～203,108～270,135～338,162～405,189～473,216～540,243～608,270～675 kg/hm~2;当钾肥当季利用率为50%、目标产量为9.0～22.5 t/hm~2时,紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺级别第1～6级的适宜施钾量范围依次为0～0,54～135,108～270,162～405,216～540和270～675 kg/hm~2 。     

江西省桑园土壤养分现状及丰缺诊断

对江西省蚕桑主产区修水、永新、乐安、东乡和南昌5个县市的桑园土壤养分进行了检测分析,并对桑园土壤养分含量进行了丰缺分级诊断,以全面掌握江西省桑园土壤养分状况。结果表明,2014年全省桑园土壤肥力水平不高,p H以酸性为主,有机质和全氮含量较缺乏,速效磷、速效钾、有效钙和有效镁缺乏,有效硼极缺,有效硫偏高,氮、钙、镁和锌少数地区存在过量现象,且不同种植区域桑园的土壤养分存在较大差异。建议重视有机质、氮、钙、镁肥的合理施用,补充磷、钾、硼肥,尤其要重施硼肥,减少或不施硫肥,并采取相应措施改善土壤p H,使土壤由极酸性向中性转变。     

施肥对苜蓿土壤水分、养分和产量的影响：基于定位试验数据的Meta分析

为探究提高苜蓿 (Medicago sativa)产量和改善土壤肥力性质的施肥措施,本研究以中国为研究区域,以不施肥苜蓿为对照,通过检索文献整合已发表的相关田间试验数据,采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),系统探究施肥措施对苜蓿地土壤水分、养分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,施肥可有效增加苜蓿土壤养分含量并提高苜蓿产量,但增加的地上生物量也影响了苜蓿对土壤水分的消耗,其中土壤有机质和全氮含量分别增加了3.1%～33.3%和4.5%～30.9%,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了3.6%～144.4%和4.4%～24.8%,土壤水分下降了4.4%～11.8%。与不施肥相比,施肥措施下苜蓿增产率达到15.4%～198.2%,水分利用效率提高了5.9%～169.6%。进一步相关分析表明,苜蓿产量与0 ? 200 cm土壤水分、有机质和速效磷含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),苜蓿水分利用效率与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。综上,施肥可有效增加土壤养分含量并提高苜蓿产量,其中化肥和有机肥配施表现出的增产作用最为突出,化肥配施对苜蓿水分利用效率的提升效应最佳。该研究可为苜蓿种植过程中适宜施肥措施的选择提供理论依据。     

施肥对不同生育期甜高粱土壤养分含量的影响

为了比较不同施肥方式对甜高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L.）Moench）不同生育阶段土壤养分含量及动态变化,本研究以8种不同施肥处理下的农田土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤养分含量,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,不同施肥处理土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、全磷、全钾含量从苗期到成熟期的变化趋势基本一致,其中有机质、速效氮含量在成熟期达到最高值。与CK（对照）相比,不同施肥处理下土壤速效钾、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、全磷,有机质含量均有不同程度的提高。氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPKM）处理有机质含量成熟期达到28.58 g·kg^-1,比苗期增幅度为44.61%。氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPK+1.5M）处理全钾、速效氮含量比CK分别提高为49.31%,67.65%。成熟期有机肥（M）处理全磷、速效磷、全氮含量比CK分别提高为271.20%,40.65%,17.39%。NPKM或者M处理不仅可以改善土壤的理化性质,还可以提高土壤养分含量,有机肥料具有叠加效应。     

兰州市行道树法桐叶片营养和土壤养分相关性分析

以兰州市行道树法桐(Platanus orientalis)的叶片及立地土壤为研究对象,测定法桐叶片和立地土壤的养分含量,并分析其之间的相关性,为法桐的合理施肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)兰州市4个区法桐叶片RWC、全磷和铜的含量都为夏季高于秋季,而钙和镁相反。土壤中pH和速效N的含量在秋季高于夏季,而速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铜和有效铁为夏季高于秋季;(2)兰州市法桐立地土壤总体呈碱性,营养状况较差,尤其是安宁区,其土壤的有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K、交换性Ca和交换性Mg的含量较低,且该区叶片的营养状况相对较差。(3)叶片中钙与全磷呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和速效磷、有效铁、有机质等土壤营养元素含量都呈负相关。而土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷含量与各营养元素含量都呈正相关。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.