基于Nemerow法的森林土壤肥力综合指数评价

以广西国有大桂山林场用材林林地为研究区域,以土壤pH值、全量氮、全量磷、全量钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼和有效铁作为评价指标,利用Nemerow法进行土壤肥力综合评价。结果表明,不同样地土壤养分因子变异系数在5.02%~65.69%。有机质平均值为28.75g/kg,处于中等偏下水平。全量N平均含量为1.64g/kg,速效N为135.5mg/kg,处于中等或中等偏上水平。全量P2O5平均含量为0.82g/kg,速效P为1.5mg/kg,均处于贫乏水平。全量K2O平均含量为23.76g/kg,速效K为51.8 mg/kg,均处于中等偏下水平。大量元素氮磷钾因子可以概括为"富氮、缺磷、中等钾"。微量元素方面,有效Zn和有效Fe林地平均含量分别为2.03mg/kg和32.11mg/kg,处于中等水平,有效B和有效Cu平均含量分别为0.18mg/kg和0.41mg/kg,属于贫或极贫水平。大桂山林地土壤肥力综合指数为0.85,桉树、松树林地肥力综合指数分别为0.77和0.82,肥力等级均属于Ⅲ级,杉木林地肥力综合指数为0.90,肥力等级属于Ⅱ级。速效P、有效B、有效Cu均处于贫或极贫水平,是影响研究区域土壤肥力的主要限制因子。     

星星草的生长对盐碱土磷素营养的影响

研究不同生长年限星星草对盐碱土全磷、速效磷、有机磷和无机磷含量及磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明:土壤全磷、速效磷、有机磷和无机磷含量增加,三龄时达到最高值.星星草对盐碱土速效磷和有机磷含量有明显的影响;土壤磷素各项指标及磷酸酶活性之间都存在着一定的相关关系,其中磷酸酶活性与磷素各指标之间呈极显著相关.     

黄土高原轮作系统苜蓿土壤磷素变化特征

在长期定位试验的基础上,分析黄土高原旱地轮作系统中苜蓿(Medicago sativa)不同生长年份土壤的无机磷、有机磷形态及微生物磷的变化特征,以期为农牧区牧草有效磷素合理利用及区域管理提供依据。结果表明:种植苜蓿的土壤全磷含量与苜蓿种植年份成反比,连续种植苜蓿年份越长,土壤全磷和速效磷的含量越小。苜蓿土壤中无机磷组分以Ca-P为主,占无机磷总量的74.0%~80.O%,且Ca_10-PCa_8-PCa_2-P。有机磷占全磷总量的23.2%~25.4%,土壤有机磷以中活性有机磷为主,占有机磷总量的78.3%~79.5%。苜蓿的种植年份越长,土壤微生物磷含量越低。土壤微生物磷与土壤全磷、速效磷成极显著相关,故土壤微生物磷可作为土壤供磷能力的指标。     

连续6年施磷肥对土壤磷素积累、形态转化及有效性的影响

长期施磷肥对土壤磷素积累、形态转化以及有效性的影响是国内外土壤化学研究的热点之一。本研究利用从2008年开始在京南地区进行的紫花苜蓿连续6年施用磷肥定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对紫花苜蓿田土壤磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性的影响。试验地土壤为褐潮土,试验开始前耕层(0~20cm)土壤有机质为11.2g/kg,全磷为0.77g/kg,速效磷为5.66mg/kg,pH为8.3。结果表明,连续不施磷肥土壤的全磷、速效磷、无机磷各组分含量较连续施磷肥处理均明显降低,说明连续施用磷肥可显著扩大土壤中的有效磷库;不施磷肥处理耕层(0~20cm)土壤全磷下降了6.94%,速效磷下降了16.3%,施用磷肥处理耕层土壤全磷增加1.3%~13%,速效磷增加164.7%~335.9%;不同的施磷肥处理对Ca2-P含量的影响最大,不施磷肥的土壤Ca2-P几乎耗竭,而施磷处理的Ca2-P增加幅度可达19~36倍;此外,施用磷肥也使土壤Ca8-P、Ca10-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P有不同程度的提高。通过2013年的停施磷肥试验可知继续施磷肥的处理(F2)与停施磷肥的处理(F2′)在土壤磷素水平、苜蓿产量及养分含量上均没有显著差异,表明磷肥存在明显的后效作用,之前积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

宁夏引黄灌区种植不同苜蓿品种对土壤速效养分的影响

对宁夏引黄灌区8个苜蓿品种种植5年后的土壤有效养分和有机质变化特征进行研究,结果表明:8个苜蓿品种种植5年后土壤碱解氮和有机质含量在20~60cm土层差异显著;有效磷和速效钾含量仅在表层土壤存在显著差异。所有苜蓿品种的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均随土层深度的增加显著降低,且有效磷存在明显的"表聚"现象。长期种植苜蓿提高了土壤中的有机质含量,但降低碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,其中速效钾降幅最大。速效钾变化量与苜蓿干草产量呈显著负相关,是影响苜蓿产量的主要影响因素。因此,在宁夏引黄灌区种植苜蓿要根据苜蓿品种、土壤养分变化进行科学合理的施肥,尤其要注重增加钾肥的使用。     

内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷和速效钾丰缺指标与适宜施肥量研究

为了给内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿测土施肥提供科学依据,采用土壤养分含量与缺素处理相对产量回归方程法、土壤养分丰缺分级改良方案和"养分平衡-地力差减法"确定适宜施肥量新应用公式,开展了内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)和速效钾(NH_4OAc-K)丰缺指标与适宜施肥量研究。结果表明:内蒙古高原和黄土高原紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷第1～11级丰缺指标依次为≥40,39～22,21～12,11～6,5.9～3.2,3.1～1.7,1.6～1.0,0.9～0.5,0.49～0.30,0.29～0.15,0.15 mg/kg;速效钾第1～6级丰缺指标依次为≥204,203～100,99～49,48～24,23～12,12 mg/kg。当磷肥当季利用率为20%、目标产量为9.0～22.5 t/hm~2时,紫花苜蓿土壤有效磷丰缺级别第1～11级的适宜施磷量范围依次为0～0,27～68,54～135,81～203,108～270,135～338,162～405,189～473,216～540,243～608,270～675 kg/hm~2;当钾肥当季利用率为50%、目标产量为9.0～22.5 t/hm~2时,紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺级别第1～6级的适宜施钾量范围依次为0～0,54～135,108～270,162～405,216～540和270～675 kg/hm~2 。     

江西省桑园土壤养分现状及丰缺诊断

对江西省蚕桑主产区修水、永新、乐安、东乡和南昌5个县市的桑园土壤养分进行了检测分析,并对桑园土壤养分含量进行了丰缺分级诊断,以全面掌握江西省桑园土壤养分状况。结果表明,2014年全省桑园土壤肥力水平不高,p H以酸性为主,有机质和全氮含量较缺乏,速效磷、速效钾、有效钙和有效镁缺乏,有效硼极缺,有效硫偏高,氮、钙、镁和锌少数地区存在过量现象,且不同种植区域桑园的土壤养分存在较大差异。建议重视有机质、氮、钙、镁肥的合理施用,补充磷、钾、硼肥,尤其要重施硼肥,减少或不施硫肥,并采取相应措施改善土壤p H,使土壤由极酸性向中性转变。     

施肥对苜蓿土壤水分、养分和产量的影响：基于定位试验数据的Meta分析

为探究提高苜蓿 (Medicago sativa)产量和改善土壤肥力性质的施肥措施,本研究以中国为研究区域,以不施肥苜蓿为对照,通过检索文献整合已发表的相关田间试验数据,采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),系统探究施肥措施对苜蓿地土壤水分、养分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,施肥可有效增加苜蓿土壤养分含量并提高苜蓿产量,但增加的地上生物量也影响了苜蓿对土壤水分的消耗,其中土壤有机质和全氮含量分别增加了3.1%～33.3%和4.5%～30.9%,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了3.6%～144.4%和4.4%～24.8%,土壤水分下降了4.4%～11.8%。与不施肥相比,施肥措施下苜蓿增产率达到15.4%～198.2%,水分利用效率提高了5.9%～169.6%。进一步相关分析表明,苜蓿产量与0 ? 200 cm土壤水分、有机质和速效磷含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),苜蓿水分利用效率与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。综上,施肥可有效增加土壤养分含量并提高苜蓿产量,其中化肥和有机肥配施表现出的增产作用最为突出,化肥配施对苜蓿水分利用效率的提升效应最佳。该研究可为苜蓿种植过程中适宜施肥措施的选择提供理论依据。     

施肥对不同生育期甜高粱土壤养分含量的影响

为了比较不同施肥方式对甜高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L.）Moench）不同生育阶段土壤养分含量及动态变化,本研究以8种不同施肥处理下的农田土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤养分含量,并进行相关性分析。结果表明,不同施肥处理土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、全磷、全钾含量从苗期到成熟期的变化趋势基本一致,其中有机质、速效氮含量在成熟期达到最高值。与CK（对照）相比,不同施肥处理下土壤速效钾、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、全磷,有机质含量均有不同程度的提高。氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPKM）处理有机质含量成熟期达到28.58 g·kg^-1,比苗期增幅度为44.61%。氮磷钾配施有机肥（NPK+1.5M）处理全钾、速效氮含量比CK分别提高为49.31%,67.65%。成熟期有机肥（M）处理全磷、速效磷、全氮含量比CK分别提高为271.20%,40.65%,17.39%。NPKM或者M处理不仅可以改善土壤的理化性质,还可以提高土壤养分含量,有机肥料具有叠加效应。     

生草配合施用有机肥对省力高效梨园土壤的培肥效应研究

为了推动果园生草在我国的推广应用,研究生草配合施用有机肥土壤管理方式对省力高效现代梨园土壤养分的作用效应,在冀中平原的"雪青"梨园,以常规清耕梨园为对照,研究省力高效梨园生草4年和生草8年的培肥效应,于2014年梨树萌芽期,在80 cm土层内分10 cm一层取样,分别测定不同土层的有机质、大量元素和微量元素含量,比较不同处理土壤营养元素的变化特征。结果表明,生草梨园0~50 cm土层有效养分含量均达到较高水平;与常规梨园相比较,这种管理模式短期(4年)增加了0~10 cm土层碱解氮、速效磷、有效锌含量和0~20 cm土层速效钾、有效铁含量,长期(8年)显著增加了0~10 cm土层有机质和碱解氮含量、0~20 cm有效铁和有效锰含量、0~30 cm速效磷和有效铜含量、0~40 cm有效锌含量和0~50 cm速效钾含量。显著降低了0~30 cm土层p H值,明显提高了河北省石灰性梨园土壤磷、铁、锌的有效性。长期生草配合施用有机肥能够增加上层土壤有效养分含量,生草8年后,0~50 cm土层速效磷、速效钾和有效锌占0~80 cm土层比重分别达到92%、82%和88%,为梨园提供充足营养的同时降低了环境污染的风险,有利于梨园土壤培肥和果园的可持续发展。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.